Python: Print nested function return value

Question

This does print "None", I want it to print "True", I do not want to alter the last line of the code block.

def outer():
    def inner():
        return True
print(outer())

Answer 1

outer only defines a function, it doesn't call it. If you want outer to return the result of inner , you need to do that:

def outer():
    def inner():
        return True
    return inner()

There is no way to make outer return True without altering it. (Note that you don't have to modify inner .)