Compute PTS and DTS correctly to sync audio and video ffmpeg C++

Question

I am trying to mux H264 encoded data and G711 PCM data into mov multimedia container. I am creating AVPacket from encoded data and initially the PTS and DTS value of video/audio frames is equivalent to AV_NOPTS_VALUE . So I calculated the DTS using current time information. My code -

bool AudioVideoRecorder::WriteVideo(const unsigned char *pData, size_t iDataSize, bool const bIFrame) {
    .....................................
    .....................................
    .....................................
    AVPacket pkt = {0};
    av_init_packet(&pkt);
    int64_t dts = av_gettime();
    dts = av_rescale_q(dts, (AVRational){1, 1000000}, m_pVideoStream->time_base);
    int duration = 90000 / VIDEO_FRAME_RATE;
    if(m_prevVideoDts > 0LL) {
        duration = dts - m_prevVideoDts;
    }
    m_prevVideoDts = dts;

    pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt.dts = m_currVideoDts;
    m_currVideoDts += duration;
    pkt.duration = duration;
    if(bIFrame) {
        pkt.flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
    }
    pkt.stream_index = m_pVideoStream->index;
    pkt.data = (uint8_t*) pData;
    pkt.size = iDataSize;

    int ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(m_pFormatCtx, &pkt);

    if(ret < 0) {
        LogErr("Writing video frame failed.");
        return false;
    }

    Log("Writing video frame done.");

    av_free_packet(&pkt);
    return true;
}

bool AudioVideoRecorder::WriteAudio(const unsigned char *pEncodedData, size_t iDataSize) {
    .................................
    .................................
    .................................
    AVPacket pkt = {0};
    av_init_packet(&pkt);

    int64_t dts = av_gettime();
    dts = av_rescale_q(dts, (AVRational){1, 1000000}, (AVRational){1, 90000});
    int duration = AUDIO_STREAM_DURATION; // 20
    if(m_prevAudioDts > 0LL) {
        duration = dts - m_prevAudioDts;
    }
    m_prevAudioDts = dts;
    pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt.dts = m_currAudioDts;
    m_currAudioDts += duration;
    pkt.duration = duration;

    pkt.stream_index = m_pAudioStream->index;
    pkt.flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
    pkt.data = (uint8_t*) pEncodedData;
    pkt.size = iDataSize;

    int ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(m_pFormatCtx, &pkt);
    if(ret < 0) {
        LogErr("Writing audio frame failed: %d", ret);
        return false;
    }

    Log("Writing audio frame done.");

    av_free_packet(&pkt);
    return true;
}

And I added stream like this -

AVStream* AudioVideoRecorder::AddMediaStream(enum AVCodecID codecID) {
    ................................
    .................................   
    pStream = avformat_new_stream(m_pFormatCtx, codec);
    if (!pStream) {
        LogErr("Could not allocate stream.");
        return NULL;
    }
    pStream->id = m_pFormatCtx->nb_streams - 1;
    pCodecCtx = pStream->codec;
    pCodecCtx->codec_id = codecID;

    switch(codec->type) {
    case AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO:
        pCodecCtx->bit_rate = VIDEO_BIT_RATE;
        pCodecCtx->width = PICTURE_WIDTH;
        pCodecCtx->height = PICTURE_HEIGHT;
        pStream->time_base = (AVRational){1, 90000};
        pStream->avg_frame_rate = (AVRational){90000, 1};
        pStream->r_frame_rate = (AVRational){90000, 1}; // though the frame rate is variable and around 15 fps
        pCodecCtx->pix_fmt = STREAM_PIX_FMT;
        m_pVideoStream = pStream;
        break;

    case AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO:
        pCodecCtx->sample_fmt = AV_SAMPLE_FMT_S16;
        pCodecCtx->bit_rate = AUDIO_BIT_RATE;
        pCodecCtx->sample_rate = AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE;
        pCodecCtx->channels = 1;
        m_pAudioStream = pStream;
        break;

    default:
        break;
    }

    /* Some formats want stream headers to be separate. */
    if (m_pOutputFmt->flags & AVFMT_GLOBALHEADER)
        m_pFormatCtx->flags |= CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER;

    return pStream;
}

There are several problems with this calculation:

1. The video is laggy and lags behind than audio increasingly with time.

2. Suppose, an audio frame is received ( WriteAudio(..) ) little lately like 3 seconds, then the late frame should be started playing with 3 second delay, but it's not. The delayed frame is played consecutively with previous frame.

3. Sometimes I recorded for ~40 seconds but the file duration is much like 2 minutes, but audio/video is played only few moments like 40 seconds and rest of the file contains nothing and seekbar jumps at en immediately after 40 seconds (tested in VLC).

EDIT:

According to Ronald S. Bultje's suggestion, what I've understand:

m_pAudioStream->time_base = (AVRational){1, 9000}; // actually no need to set as 9000 is already default value for audio as you said
m_pVideoStream->time_base = (AVRational){1, 9000};

should be set as now both audio and video streams are now in same time base units.

And for video:

...................
...................

int64_t dts = av_gettime(); // get current time in microseconds
dts *= 9000; 
dts /= 1000000; // 1 second = 10^6 microseconds
pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE; // is it okay?
pkt.dts = dts;
// and no need to set pkt.duration, right?

And for audio: (exactly same as video, right?)

...................
...................

int64_t dts = av_gettime(); // get current time in microseconds
dts *= 9000; 
dts /= 1000000; // 1 second = 10^6 microseconds
pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE; // is it okay?
pkt.dts = dts;
// and no need to set pkt.duration, right?

And I think they are now like sharing same currDts , right? Please correct me if I am wrong anywhere or missing anything.

Also, if I want to use video stream time base as (AVRational){1, frameRate} and audio stream time base as (AVRational){1, sampleRate} , how the correct code should look like?

EDIT 2.0:

m_pAudioStream->time_base = (AVRational){1, VIDEO_FRAME_RATE};
m_pVideoStream->time_base = (AVRational){1, VIDEO_FRAME_RATE};

And

bool AudioVideoRecorder::WriteAudio(const unsigned char *pEncodedData, size_t iDataSize) {
    ...........................
    ......................
    AVPacket pkt = {0};
    av_init_packet(&pkt);

    int64_t dts = av_gettime() / 1000; // convert into millisecond
    dts = dts * VIDEO_FRAME_RATE;
    if(m_dtsOffset < 0) {
        m_dtsOffset = dts;
    }

    pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt.dts = (dts - m_dtsOffset);

    pkt.stream_index = m_pAudioStream->index;
    pkt.flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
    pkt.data = (uint8_t*) pEncodedData;
    pkt.size = iDataSize;

    int ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(m_pFormatCtx, &pkt);
    if(ret < 0) {
        LogErr("Writing audio frame failed: %d", ret);
        return false;
    }

    Log("Writing audio frame done.");

    av_free_packet(&pkt);
    return true;
}

bool AudioVideoRecorder::WriteVideo(const unsigned char *pData, size_t iDataSize, bool const bIFrame) {
    ........................................
    .................................
    AVPacket pkt = {0};
    av_init_packet(&pkt);
    int64_t dts = av_gettime() / 1000;
    dts = dts * VIDEO_FRAME_RATE;
    if(m_dtsOffset < 0) {
        m_dtsOffset = dts;
    }
    pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE;
    pkt.dts = (dts - m_dtsOffset);

    if(bIFrame) {
        pkt.flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
    }
    pkt.stream_index = m_pVideoStream->index;
    pkt.data = (uint8_t*) pData;
    pkt.size = iDataSize;

    int ret = av_interleaved_write_frame(m_pFormatCtx, &pkt);

    if(ret < 0) {
        LogErr("Writing video frame failed.");
        return false;
    }

    Log("Writing video frame done.");

    av_free_packet(&pkt);
    return true;
}

Is the last change okay? The video and audio seems synced. Only problem is - the audio is played without the delay regardless the packet arrived in delay. Like -

packet arrival: 1 2 3 4... (then next frame arrived after 3 sec) .. 5

audio played: 1 2 3 4 (no delay) 5

EDIT 3.0:

zeroed audio sample data:

AVFrame* pSilentData;
pSilentData = av_frame_alloc();
memset(&pSilentData->data[0], 0, iDataSize);

pkt.data = (uint8_t*) pSilentData;
pkt.size = iDataSize;

av_freep(&pSilentData->data[0]);
av_frame_free(&pSilentData);

Is this okay? But after writing this into file container, there are dot dot noise during playing the media. Whats the problem?

EDIT 4.0:

Well, For µ-Law audio the zero value is represented as 0xff . So -

memset(&pSilentData->data[0], 0xff, iDataSize);

solve my problem.

Answer 1

Timestamps (such as dts ) should be in AVStream.time_base units. You're requesting a video timebase of 1/90000 and a default audio timebase (1/9000), but you're using a timebase of 1/100000 to write dts values. I'm also not sure if it's guaranteed that requested timebases are maintained during header writing, your muxer might change the values and expect you to deal with the new values.

So code like this:

 int64_t dts = av_gettime(); dts = av_rescale_q(dts, (AVRational){1, 1000000}, (AVRational){1, 90000}); int duration = AUDIO_STREAM_DURATION; // 20 if(m_prevAudioDts > 0LL) { duration = dts - m_prevAudioDts; } 

Won't work. Change that to something that uses the audiostream's timebase, and don't set the duration unless you know what you're doing. (Same for video.)

 m_prevAudioDts = dts; pkt.pts = AV_NOPTS_VALUE; pkt.dts = m_currAudioDts; m_currAudioDts += duration; pkt.duration = duration; 

This looks creepy, especially combined with the video alike code. The problem here is that the first packet for both will have a timestamp of zero, regardless of inter-packet delay between the streams. You need one parent currDts shared between all streams, otherwise your streams will be perpetually out of sync.

[edit]

So, regarding your edit, if you have audio gaps, I think you need to insert silence (zeroed audio sample data) for the duration of the gap.