How to check if my model is overfitting or not when training with many epochs

Question

I'm training my tensorflow model with 100 epochs.

history = model.fit(..., steps_per_epoch=600, ..., epochs=100, ...)

Here is the output when training on 7/100 :

Epoch 1/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1443 - rmse: 0.3799
Epoch 1: val_loss improved from inf to 0.14689, saving model to saved_model/my_model
2022-06-20 20:25:11.552250: W tensorflow/python/util/util.cc:368] Sets are not currently considered sequences, but this may change in the future, so consider avoiding using them.
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: saved_model/my_model/assets
600/600 [==============================] - 367s 608ms/step - loss: 0.1443 - rmse: 0.3799 - val_loss: 0.1469 - val_rmse: 0.3833

Epoch 2/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1470 - rmse: 0.3834
Epoch 2: val_loss did not improve from 0.14689
600/600 [==============================] - 357s 594ms/step - loss: 0.1470 - rmse: 0.3834 - val_loss: 0.1559 - val_rmse: 0.3948

Epoch 3/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1448 - rmse: 0.3805
Epoch 3: val_loss did not improve from 0.14689
600/600 [==============================] - 341s 569ms/step - loss: 0.1448 - rmse: 0.3805 - val_loss: 0.1634 - val_rmse: 0.4042

Epoch 4/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1442 - rmse: 0.3798
Epoch 4: val_loss did not improve from 0.14689
600/600 [==============================] - 359s 599ms/step - loss: 0.1442 - rmse: 0.3798 - val_loss: 0.1529 - val_rmse: 0.3910

Epoch 5/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1461 - rmse: 0.3822
Epoch 5: val_loss did not improve from 0.14689
600/600 [==============================] - 358s 596ms/step - loss: 0.1461 - rmse: 0.3822 - val_loss: 0.1493 - val_rmse: 0.3864

Epoch 6/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1463 - rmse: 0.3825
Epoch 6: val_loss improved from 0.14689 to 0.14637, saving model to saved_model/my_model
INFO:tensorflow:Assets written to: saved_model/my_model/assets
600/600 [==============================] - 368s 613ms/step - loss: 0.1463 - rmse: 0.3825 - val_loss: 0.1464 - val_rmse: 0.3826

Epoch 7/100
324/600 [===============>..............] - ETA: 2:35 - loss: 0.1434 - rmse: 0.3786

The " Epoch 2/100 " shown that the " val_loss: 0.1559" > "loss: 0.1470 "

Epoch 2/100
600/600 [==============================] - ETA: 0s - loss: 0.1470 - rmse: 0.3834
Epoch 2: val_loss did not improve from 0.14689
600/600 [==============================] - 357s 594ms/step - loss: 0.1470 - rmse: 0.3834 - val_loss: 0.1559 - val_rmse: 0.3948

Base on this StackOverflow link, it says " validation loss > training loss you can call it some overfitting ":

Training Loss and Validation Loss in Deep Learning

If validation loss >> training loss you can call it overfitting.
If validation loss  > training loss you can call it some overfitting.
If validation loss  < training loss you can call it some underfitting.
If validation loss << training loss you can call it underfitting.

So, is my model overfitting on " Epoch 2/100 "? If yes, why does "Epoch 6/100" still shows " Epoch 6: val_loss improved from 0.14689 to 0.14637, saving model to saved_model/my_model "?

Answer 1

You can plot the loss of training_data and validation_data that save in the history at the end of training and check when you fall into the overfitting or underfitting .

Code for check and ploting:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tensorflow as tf
import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = tf.keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
x_train = x_train.reshape(-1, 784).astype("float32") / 255
x_test = x_test.reshape(-1, 784).astype("float32") / 255
y_train = tf.keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train)
y_test = tf.keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test)

model = tf.keras.Sequential()
model.add(tf.keras.Input(shape=(784,)))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(16, activation='relu'))
model.add(tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')) 
model.compile(optimizer = 'adam',
    loss ='categorical_crossentropy',metrics=['accuracy'],)

history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=20, batch_size=32, validation_split=0.2)
df = pd.DataFrame(history.history).rename_axis('epoch').reset_index().melt(id_vars=['epoch'])
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(18,6))
for ax, mtr in zip(axes.flat, ['loss', 'accuracy']):
    ax.set_title(f'{mtr.title()} Plot')
    dfTmp = df[df['variable'].str.contains(mtr)]
    sns.lineplot(data=dfTmp, x='epoch', y='value', hue='variable', ax=ax)
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Output:

Answer 2

在我看来，“过度拟合”的唯一信号是您的验证损失开始增加，而训练损失仍在减少，但不是“验证损失 >> 训练损失”。