Variable assignments in C with comma operator

Question

I read many questions here but couldn't find my answer, considering following statements:

int x;
x = 1, 2, 3;

this gives x value of 1 however as there are other values separated by , why the rest is discarded? shouldn't it be 3? or is it because of precedency of = over , ?

Then if I write

int x = 1, 2, 3;

now it doesn't compile. what's the real difference between the two?

Answer 1

You already found out that = has higher precedence . Therefore that first code is similar to

(x = 1),2, 3;

That means you have an assignment and you have 2 values combined by comma operator.

The assignment is evaluated to 1 (besides actually assigning a value to x ) and you get an expression like this: 1,2,3; which is evaluated but ignored.

In your second snippet things are different.

int x =1, 2, 3;

Again the precedence is same.

If you add brackets int x = (1,2,3); you will get value 3 as you expected.

Without the brackets, the compiler expects the name of the next variable that you want to define here. 2 and 3 are no valid identifiers to define variables and therefore the compiler complains.

Answer 2

x = 1, 2, 3;

Due to precedence, this is interpreted as (x = 1), 2, 3; .

int x = 1, 2, 3;

In an expression statement such as x = 1, 2, 3; , you can use any expression . However, in a declaration, an initializer can only be an assignment-expression (or a list of initializers inside { and } ).

The way the formal C grammar is written, the top-level operator of an expression can be any of the C operators, but the top-level operator of an assignment-expression can be any of the C operators except , . Therefore, if a , is seen when parsing the top level of an initializer, it cannot be part of the initializer, so it ends the initializer. (A , can appears inside parentheses in an initializer.)

Here are some details about how this works. The formal grammar says:

• An expression is either expression , assignment-expression or is an assignment-expression .
• An assignment-expression is either unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression or is a conditional-expression .
• A conditional-expression is either logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression or is a logical-OR-expression .
• This chain continues through all the operators in C.

So, when a C compiler is looking for an expression , it notionally goes through each of these choices, accepting either a comma operator or an assignment operator or a conditional operator, and so on. When it is looking for an assignment-expression (in a declaration), it starts with the second choice, an assignment operator, notionally skipping over the comma as a possibility.