What is the correct type declaration for this function?

Question

The following function will not load:

charName :: a -> String
charName 'a' = "Alpha"
charName 'b' = "Bravo"
charName 'c' = "Charlie"
charName 'd' = "Delta"
charName 'e' = "Echo"
charName 'f' = "Foxtrot"
charName 'g' = "Golf"
charName 'h' = "Hotel"
charName 'i' = "India"
charName 'j' = "Juliet"
charName 'k' = "Kilo"
charName 'l' = "Lima"
charName 'm' = "mike"
charName 'n' = "November"
charName 'o' = "Oscar"
charName 'p' = "Papa"
charName 'q' = "Quebec"
charName 'r' = "Romeo"
charName 's' = "Sierra"
charName 't' = "Tango"
charName 'u' = "Uniform"
charName 'v' = "Victor"
charName 'w' = "Whiskey"
charName 'x' = "X-ray"
charName 'y' = "Yankee"
charName 'z' = "Zulu"
charName 0 = "Zero"
charName 1 = "One"
charName 2 = "Two"
charName 3 = "Three"
charName 4 = "Four"
charName 5 = "Five"
charName 6 = "Six"
charName 7 = "Seven"
charName 8 = "Eight"
charName 9 = "Nine"
charName x = ""

It gives me the following error:

[1 of 1] Compiling Main ( baby.hs, interpreted )

baby.hs:41:9: Couldn't match expected type a' against inferred type Char' a' is a rigid type variable bound by the type signature for charName' at baby.hs:40:12 In the pattern: 'a' In the definition of `charName': charName 'a' = "Alpha"

baby.hs:67:9: No instance for (Num Char) arising from the literal 0' at baby.hs:67:9 Possible fix: add an instance declaration for (Num Char) In the pattern: 0 In the definition of charName': charName 0 = "Zero" Failed, modules loaded: none.

Not sure how I can get this to work. Does anybody have any ideas?

Answer 1

With new data type

The simple way to pass either Char or Int as a function argument, is to define a new data type to encapsulate them:

data (Num a) => CharOrNum a = C Char | N a

charName (C 'z') = "Zulu"
charName (N 0) = "Zero"

Then you can use it like

ghci> charName $ C 'z'
"Zulu"
ghci> charName $ N 0
"Zero"

With this change the type of charName is (Num t) => CharOrNum t -> [Char] .

With new type class

Another way is to define a common type class for both of the argument types, like Show .

class Nameable a where
  nameit :: a -> String

instance Nameable Char where
  nameit 'z' = "Zulu"
  nameit _ = ""

instance Nameable Integer where
  nameit 0 = "Zero"
  nameit _ = ""

Then you can use it like this:

ghci> (nameit 0, nameit 'z')
("Zero","Zulu")

Answer 2

The types of the argument in the different cases of charName do not match. Sometimes you use a Char (for example 'a' ) and sometimes you use a number (for example 9 ).

There is no way you can make this work by just changing the type signature. (Well, there is one way: add an instance Num Char , but that would be a really bad idea).

The only sane way to achieve what you intended to do is change the numbers to Char s (ie '0' instead of 0 etc.).

Answer 3

Well, you have to decide on the type of the parameter. Char or Int? charName 'a' to charName 'z' take a Char as a parameter. charName 0 to charName 9 take an Int. and charName x takes ... well, any type.

I'd change charName 0 into charName '0' etc etc and use charName _ = "" to match any other single Char, other than the listed:

...
charName 'y' = "Yankee"
charName 'z' = "Zulu"
charName '0' = "Zero"
...
charName '9' = "Nine"
charName _ = ""

With this changes, the function type is: charName :: Char -> String