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CoreGraphics-无法替换UnsafeMutablePointer <UInt32> 与UnsafeMutablePointer <UInt8>

[英]CoreGraphics - Can't replace UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32> with UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>

我刚刚开始搞乱图像处理,遇到了两个非常奇怪的问题,或者至少我认为是。 我以为我犯了一些非常愚蠢的错误。

我打算对此发布另一个问题,但是,有时使用下面的代码,我还会得到随机噪声,而不是用户绘制数字的像素表示。 如果有人能告诉我为什么也会发生这种情况,我将不胜感激。 我很难找出原因,因为我阅读的所有内容都表明该代码应该可以工作。

如果有人需要更多信息,请告诉我! 提前谢谢你的帮助!

目标:
首先,获取用户在屏幕上绘制的数字。 然后,将图像的大小调整为28 x28。接下来,将图像转换为灰度并获得归一化像素值的数组。 最后,将标准化的灰度像素值输入到机器学习算法中。

[注意:在下面的图片中,点表示0值,而1s表示值>0。]

下面代码的输出效果很好。 如果用户画一个“ 3”,我通常会得到以下内容:

UInt32的

问题:

如果我将UnsafeMutablePointer和Buffer的大小更改为UInt8,则会得到随机噪声。 或者,如果我用[UInt32](repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)或什至[UInt8](repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)替换UnsafeMutablePointer和Buffer,则每个像素最终都为0,我真的不明白。

如果将UnsafeMutablePointer和Buffer的大小更改为UInt8,这是像素的输出:

UINT8

获取灰度像素的代码:

public extension UIImage
{
    private func grayScalePixels() -> UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt32>?
    {
        guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }

        let bitsPerComponent = 8
        let width = cgImage.width
        let height = cgImage.height
        let totalBytes = (width * height)
        let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
        let data = UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32>.allocate(capacity: totalBytes)
        defer { data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes) }

        guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: data, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else { return nil }
        imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(origin: CGPoint.zero, size: CGSize(width: width, height: height)))

        return UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt32>(start: data, count: totalBytes)
    }

    public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]?
    {
        guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }
        guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else { return nil }

        let width = cgImage.width
        let height = cgImage.height
        var result = [CGFloat]()

        for y in 0..<height
        {
            for x in 0..<width
            {
                let index = ((width * y) + x)
                let pixel = (CGFloat(pixels[index]) / 255.0)
                result.append(pixel)
            }
        }

        return result
    }
}

绘制号码的代码:

    func drawLineFrom(fromPoint: CGPoint, toPoint: CGPoint)
    {
        UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(self.view.bounds.size, false, 1)

        self.tempImageView.image?.draw(at: CGPoint.zero)

        let context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext()
        context?.move(to: fromPoint)
        context?.addLine(to: toPoint)
        context?.setLineCap(.round)
        context?.setLineWidth(self.brushWidth)
        context?.setStrokeColor(gray: 0, alpha: 1)
        context?.strokePath()

        self.tempImageView.image = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext()
        self.tempImageView.alpha = self.opacity

        UIGraphicsEndImageContext()
    }

    override func touchesBegan(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
    {
        self.swiped = false

        if let touch = touches.first {
            self.lastPoint = touch.location(in: self.view)
        }
    }

    override func touchesMoved(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
    {
        self.swiped = true

        if let touch = touches.first
        {
            let currentPoint = touch.location(in: self.view)
            self.drawLineFrom(fromPoint: self.lastPoint, toPoint: currentPoint)

            self.lastPoint = currentPoint
        }
    }

    override func touchesEnded(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
    {
        if !swiped {
            self.drawLineFrom(fromPoint: self.lastPoint, toPoint: self.lastPoint)
        }

        self.predictionLabel.text = "Predication: \(self.predict())"

        self.tempImageView.image = nil
    }

预测号码的代码:

    private func printNumber(rowSize: Int, inputs: Vector)
    {
        for (index, pixel) in inputs.enumerated()
        {
            if index % rowSize == 0 { print() }

            if (pixel > 0) {
                print("1", terminator: " ")
            }
            else { print(".", terminator: " ") }
        }

        print()
    }

    private func predict() -> Scalar
    {
        let resizedImaege = self.tempImageView.image!.resizedImage(CGSize(width: 28, height: 28), interpolationQuality: .high)
        let inputs = resizedImaege!.normalizedGrayScalePixels()!.flatMap({ Scalar($0) })
        self.feedforwardResult = self.neuralNetwork!.feedForward(inputs: inputs)

        self.printNumber(rowSize: 28, inputs: inputs)

        let max = self.feedforwardResult!.activations.last!.max()!
        let prediction = self.feedforwardResult!.activations.last!.index(of: max)!
        return Scalar(prediction)
    }

这行代码中最糟糕的一件事是该行:

    defer { data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes) }

data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes)仅在退出方法grayScalePixels()之前执行。 因此, baseAddress返回的UnsafeMutableBufferPointer指向一个已释放的区域,这意味着你不能指望任何预见的结果,当访问该地区。

如果要使用UnsafeMutableBufferPointer ,则需要在完成对该区域的所有访问之后(在下面的代码中排名1),然后重新分配该区域:

private func grayScalePixels() -> UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt8>? {
    guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }

    let bitsPerComponent = 8
    let width = cgImage.width
    let height = cgImage.height
    let totalBytes = width * height
    let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
    let data = UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>.allocate(capacity: totalBytes)
    data.initialize(to: UInt8.max, count: totalBytes)   //<- #4

    guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: data, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else { return nil }
    imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))

    return UnsafeMutableBufferPointer(start: data, count: totalBytes)
}

public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]? {
    guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }
    guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else { return nil }

    let width = cgImage.width
    let height = cgImage.height
    var result: [CGFloat] = []

    for y in 0..<height {
        for x in 0..<width {
            let index = width * y + x
            let pixel = CGFloat(pixels[index]) / CGFloat(UInt8.max)
            result.append(pixel)
        }
    }
    pixels.baseAddress!.deinitialize(count: pixels.count)   //<- #2
    pixels.baseAddress!.deallocate(capacity: pixels.count)  //<- #1

    return result
}

(#2) deinitialize可以不需要用于UInt8在当前实现中夫特,但序列:分配-初始化- deinitilize - DEALLOCATE是推荐的方式。

(我碰到的其他几行只是我的偏好,并不重要。)


否则,如果您想使用Swift Array而不是UnsafeMutableBufferPointer ,则可以编写如下代码:

private func grayScalePixels() -> [UInt8]? {
    guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }

    let bitsPerComponent = 8
    let width = cgImage.width
    let height = cgImage.height
    let totalBytes = width * height
    let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
    var byteArray: [UInt8] = Array(repeating: UInt8.max, count: totalBytes) //<- #4
    let success = byteArray.withUnsafeMutableBufferPointer {(buffer)->Bool in
        guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: buffer.baseAddress!, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else { return false }
        imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))
        return true;
    }
    return success ? byteArray : nil
}

public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]? {
    guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else { return nil }
    guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else { return nil }

    let width = cgImage.width
    let height = cgImage.height
    var result: [CGFloat] = []

    for y in 0..<height {
        for x in 0..<width {
            let index = width * y + x
            let pixel = CGFloat(pixels[index]) / CGFloat(UInt8.max)
            result.append(pixel)
        }
    }

    return result
}

您可能需要修改上面的代码以使其与您的代码一起使用,因为我无法使用UInt32版本的grayScalePixels()复制相同的结果。


编辑

我在代码中发现了一个问题。 您的绘图代码使用以下内容绘制线条:

    context?.setStrokeColor(gray: 0, alpha: 1)

灰度等级0,黑色。 在旧代码中,我将位图初始化为:

    data.initialize(to: 0, count: totalBytes)

要么:

    var byteArray: [UInt8] = Array(repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)

因此,在黑色上绘制黑色,结果是:全黑,8位灰度级,全0。 (我最初写的initialize可能不需要,但这是一个错误。带有alpha的图像将与初始位图内容混合绘制。)

我更新后的代码(标记为#4 )用白色初始化位图(以8位灰度表示, 255 == 0xFF == UInt8.max )。

并且最好通过更新printNumber(rowSize:inputs:)检测非白色像素:

private func printNumber(rowSize: Int, inputs: Vector) {
    for (index, pixel) in inputs.enumerated() {
        if index % rowSize == 0 { print() }

        if pixel < 1.0 { //<- #4
            print("1", terminator: "")
        }
        else { print(".", terminator: "") }
    }

    print()
}

在归一化的灰度浮点数中, 1.0是白色的值,最好将非白色显示为1 (或者,找到另一个更好的阈值。)

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