我无法在虚拟环境中为 Python 3.6 安装 CVXPY package

Question

我正在尝试在 Python 3.6、Linux Ubuntu 16.04 的虚拟环境中安装 CVXPY package。

我首先创建一个虚拟环境：

python3.6 -m venv tutorial-env

然后我按照此处的说明进行操作，并手动安装了以下依赖项：

pip install numpy
pip install scipy

然后我尝试下载 CVXPY：

pip install cvxpy

但我收到以下错误：

Collecting cvxpy
  Using cached cvxpy-1.1.7.tar.gz (1.0 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
    Preparing wheel metadata ... done
Requirement already satisfied: osqp>=0.4.1 in ./tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy) (0.6.1)
Requirement already satisfied: scipy>=1.1.0 in ./tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy) (1.5.4)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.15 in ./tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy) (1.19.4)
Requirement already satisfied: ecos>=2 in ./tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy) (2.0.7.post1)
Collecting scs>=1.1.6
  Using cached scs-2.1.2.tar.gz (3.5 MB)
Requirement already satisfied: future in ./tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from osqp>=0.4.1->cvxpy) (0.18.2)
Using legacy 'setup.py install' for scs, since package 'wheel' is not installed.
Building wheels for collected packages: cvxpy
  Building wheel for cvxpy (PEP 517) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/[username]/tutorial-env/bin/python3.6 /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmpehj5rzra
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-bu874zhr/cvxpy
  Complete output (426 lines):
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy
  copying cvxpy/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy
  copying cvxpy/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy
  copying cvxpy/settings.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy
  [....cut for length...]
  running build_ext
  building '_cvxcore' extension
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/src
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/python
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icvxpy/cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/tmp/pip-build-env-7cso5slq/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore/src/cvxcore.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/src/cvxcore.o -O3
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icvxpy/cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/tmp/pip-build-env-7cso5slq/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.o -O3
  cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp: In function ‘Tensor get_rmul_mat(const LinOp&, int)’:
  cvxpy/cvxcore/src/LinOpOperations.cpp:717:7: warning: variable ‘arg_cols’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
     int arg_cols;
         ^
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icvxpy/cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/tmp/pip-build-env-7cso5slq/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore/src/Utils.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/src/Utils.o -O3
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -Icvxpy/cvxcore/src/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/python/ -Icvxpy/cvxcore/include/ -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -I/tmp/pip-build-env-7cso5slq/overlay/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -c cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.o -O3
  cvxpy/cvxcore/python/cvxcore_wrap.cpp:178:21: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
  compilation terminated.
  error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cvxpy
Failed to build cvxpy
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cvxpy which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly

带有完整错误消息的 Pastebin。

我安装了 CVXPY 并在 Python 3.5.2 上工作。 我不确定为什么要让它在 Python 3.6.12 上运行时遇到这么多麻烦。 在尝试安装 CVXPY 之前，我尝试手动安装依赖项 OSQP、ECOS 和 SCS，但是 SCS 抛出了同样的错误（SCS 的构建轮失败）。

我不知道这意味着什么，也无法弄清楚这件事的来龙去脉。 任何帮助表示赞赏。

编辑：所以我做了其中一条评论的建议，并安装了以下内容：

pip install wheel

但我仍然遇到错误。

我尝试通过克隆 git 存储库来安装依赖项，但没有任何变化。

(tutorial-env) [username]@CS:~$ git clone https://github.com/cvxgrp/cvxpy
Cloning into 'cvxpy'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 169, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (169/169), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (124/124), done.
remote: Total 58970 (delta 90), reused 75 (delta 41), pack-reused 58801
Receiving objects: 100% (58970/58970), 168.74 MiB | 6.17 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (40842/40842), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
(tutorial-env) [username]@CS:~$ cd ~/cvxpy
(tutorial-env) [username]@CS:~/cvxpy$ pip install -e .
Obtaining file:///home/[username]/cvxpy
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
    Preparing wheel metadata ... done
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.15 in /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy==1.1.7) (1.19.4)
Requirement already satisfied: osqp>=0.4.1 in /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy==1.1.7) (0.6.1)
Requirement already satisfied: ecos>=2 in /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy==1.1.7) (2.0.7.post1)
Collecting scs>=1.1.6
  Using cached scs-2.1.2.tar.gz (3.5 MB)
Requirement already satisfied: scipy>=1.1.0 in /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cvxpy==1.1.7) (1.5.4)
Requirement already satisfied: future in /home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from osqp>=0.4.1->cvxpy==1.1.7) (0.18.2)
Building wheels for collected packages: scs
  Building wheel for scs (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/[username]/tutorial-env/bin/python3.6 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-xrktv9lx
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/

[snipped for length]

error: Command "x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPYTHON -DCTRLC=1 -DDLONG=1 -DCOPYAMATRIX -DUSE_LAPACK -DHAVE_CBLAS -DHAVE_CBLAS -Iscs/include -Iscs/linsys -Iscs/linsys/cpu/direct/ -Iscs/linsys/external/amd -Iscs/linsys/external/dqlql -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/scsmodule.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/scsmodule.o -O3" failed with exit status 1

----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for scs
  Running setup.py clean for scs
Failed to build scs
Installing collected packages: scs, cvxpy
    Running setup.py install for scs ... error
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /home/[username]/tutorial-env/bin/python3.6 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-yr_7wj14/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /home/[username]/tutorial-env/include/site/python3.6/scs
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/
    Complete output (115 lines):

[snipped for length]

 error: Command "x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DPYTHON -DCTRLC=1 -DDLONG=1 -DCOPYAMATRIX -DUSE_LAPACK -DHAVE_CBLAS -DHAVE_CBLAS -Iscs/include -Iscs/linsys -Iscs/linsys/cpu/direct/ -Iscs/linsys/external/amd -Iscs/linsys/external/dqlql -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/home/[username]/tutorial-env/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c src/scsmodule.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/src/scsmodule.o -O3" failed with exit status 1
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /home/[username]/tutorial-env/bin/python3.6 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-2yhxymp8/scs/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-yr_7wj14/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-headers /home/[username]/tutorial-env/include/site/python3.6/scs Check the logs for full command output.

带有完整错误消息的 Pastebin 。

然后我尝试先自行安装 SCS 依赖项，但仍然出现同样的错误。 带有完整错误消息的 Pastebin 。

Answer 1

**固定的。

在按照@Czaporka 的建议进行操作并使用 pip 安装轮子之后：

pip install wheels

错误消息继续存在。 完整错误消息中的以下行标识了该问题：

fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
  compilation terminated.

此答案中概述了解决此错误消息的方法。 在 Linux 终端上运行以下命令修复了问题：

sudo apt-get install python3.6-dev

而且我能够提前 go 并使用 pip 安装 CVXPY，没有其他问题。