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Python 游戲太慢

[英]Python Game Too Slow

在#sensors 注釋下創建代碼后,我的游戲變得太慢了(參見下面的代碼,它的 for 循環中有很多迭代)。 我已經為人類制作了移動紅點的控件,但游戲應該由計算機自己玩。

我的問題是:

  1. 我 2015 年的 15 英寸 macbook pro 是否太慢(此代碼可以在另一台計算機上使用)?或
  2. Python 語言是否太慢(此代碼是否適用於其他語言)? 或者
  3. Python 模塊(烏龜)對於此類任務是否錯誤? 或者
  4. 我的代碼是不是很糟糕(它不適用於任何語言或任何計算機)?

或者是其他東西?

這是我的代碼:

import turtle
import math

#Set up screen
wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.bgcolor("lightyellow")
score = 0

#Draw border
mypen = turtle.Turtle()
mypen.penup()
mypen.setposition(-300, -300)
mypen.speed(0)
mypen.pendown()
mypen.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    mypen.forward(600)
    mypen.left(90)
mypen.hideturtle()

#Draw obstacle
myObstacle = turtle.Turtle()
myObstacle.penup()
myObstacle.setposition(-150, -150)
myObstacle.speed(0)
myObstacle.pendown()
myObstacle.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    myObstacle.forward(300)
    myObstacle.left(90)
myObstacle.hideturtle()

#Create player turtle
player = turtle.Turtle()
player.penup()
player.speed(0)
player.setposition(-200, -200)
player.color("red")
player.shape("circle")


#Set speed variable
speed = 1


#define functions
def turnleft():
    player.left(30)
def turnright():
    player.right(30)
def increasespeed():
    global speed
    speed += 1
def decreasespeed():
    global speed
    if speed > 1:
        speed -= 1


#Set keyboard bindings
turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(turnleft, "Left")
turtle.onkey(turnright, "Right")
turtle.onkey(increasespeed, "Up")
turtle.onkey(decreasespeed, "Down")


#bounderies
def merge(list1, list2): 
    merged_list = [(list1[i], list2[i]) for i in range(0, len(list1))] 
    return merged_list 

bounderies = merge([-300] * 601, list(range(-300,301)))
bounderies.extend(merge([300] * 601, list(range(-300,301))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300,301)), [-300] * 601))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300,301)), [300] * 601))

bounderies.extend(merge([-150] * 301, list(range(-150,151))))
bounderies.extend(merge([150] * 301, list(range(-150,151))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [150] * 301))

def scoreset():
        global score
        score += 1
        scorestring = "Score: %s" %score
        mypen.undo()
        mypen.penup()
        mypen.setposition(-340, 310)
        mypen.pendown()
        mypen.color("green")
        mypen.write(scorestring, False, align = "left", font=("ariel", 16, "bold"))




        

#sensors
def forwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    heading = player.heading()
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def leftDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 90 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 90 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Left distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def leftForwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 45 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 45 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Left-forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def rightDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 90:
        heading = 360 - (90 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Right distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def rightForwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 45:
        heading = 360 - (45 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Right-forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist
#finished sensors


while True:
    rightForwardDistance()
    rightDistance()
    leftForwardDistance()
    leftDistance()
    forwardDistance()
    sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(), 'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}
    changeDirectionTo = max(sensors, key=sensors.get)
    
    player.forward(speed)

    #change Direction To
    if changeDirectionTo == 'left':
        player.left(90)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'left forward':
        player.left(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right forward':
        player.right(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right':
        player.right(90)
    
    #when hitting the boundary
    if (int(player.position()[0]),int(player.position()[1])) in bounderies:
        scoreset()
        
    if player.xcor() > 300 or player.xcor() < -300:
        player.right(30)
        
    if player.ycor() > 300 or player.ycor() < -300:
        player.right(30)
    
    if player.position() == myObstacle.position():
        player.right(30)
        
    if player.xcor() > -150 and player.xcor() < 150 and player.ycor() > -150 and player.ycor() < 150:
        player.right(30)

我已經復制並運行了您的代碼,讓我先回答問題:

  1. 不,你的電腦沒問題。
  2. 在這種情況下,這應該不是問題。
  3. 我不相信。 檢查文檔
  4. 我會說它可以改進。

代碼進行大量處理的主要地方是wile True條件。 在那里你調用了 10 個函數:

rightForwardDistance()
rightDistance()
leftForwardDistance()
leftDistance()
forwardDistance()
sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(),
           'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}

其中每個人都有一個范圍為 1000 的 for 循環,刪除/評論前 5 個將使游戲更快一點。

rightForwardDistance()
rightDistance()
leftForwardDistance()
leftDistance()
forwardDistance()

除此之外,還可以通過不同的方式改進代碼,例如:

    for alpha in range(1000):
    if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
        xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
        yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
        yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
        xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
        xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
        yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
        yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
        xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
        forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
        minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
    # print("Left distance: ", int(minForwDist))

該代碼重復 5 次,可以移動到 function 以避免重復。 該代碼還有未使用的變量,可以刪除。

yCoordinate = 0
xCoordinate = 0

在這些更改之后,代碼將更具可讀性並且速度更快:

import turtle
import math

# Set up screen
wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.bgcolor("lightyellow")
score = 0

# Draw border
mypen = turtle.Turtle()
mypen.penup()
mypen.setposition(-300, -300)
mypen.speed(0)
mypen.pendown()
mypen.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    mypen.forward(600)
    mypen.left(90)
mypen.hideturtle()

# Draw obstacle
myObstacle = turtle.Turtle()
myObstacle.penup()
myObstacle.setposition(-150, -150)
myObstacle.speed(0)
myObstacle.pendown()
myObstacle.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    myObstacle.forward(300)
    myObstacle.left(90)
myObstacle.hideturtle()

# Create player turtle
player = turtle.Turtle()
player.penup()
player.speed(0)
player.setposition(-200, -200)
player.color("red")
player.shape("circle")

# Set speed variable
speed = 1


# define functions
def turnleft():
    player.left(30)


def turnright():
    player.right(30)


def increasespeed():
    global speed
    speed += 1


def decreasespeed():
    global speed
    if speed > 1:
        speed -= 1


# Set keyboard bindings
turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(turnleft, "Left")
turtle.onkey(turnright, "Right")
turtle.onkey(increasespeed, "Up")
turtle.onkey(decreasespeed, "Down")


# bounderies
def merge(list1, list2):
    merged_list = [(list1[i], list2[i]) for i in range(0, len(list1))]
    return merged_list


bounderies = merge([-300] * 601, list(range(-300, 301)))
bounderies.extend(merge([300] * 601, list(range(-300, 301))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300, 301)), [-300] * 601))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300, 301)), [300] * 601))

bounderies.extend(merge([-150] * 301, list(range(-150, 151))))
bounderies.extend(merge([150] * 301, list(range(-150, 151))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150, 151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150, 151)), [150] * 301))


def scoreset():
    global score
    score += 1
    scorestring = "Score: %s" % score
    mypen.undo()
    mypen.penup()
    mypen.setposition(-340, 310)
    mypen.pendown()
    mypen.color("green")
    mypen.write(scorestring, False, align="left", font=("arial", 16, "bold"))


# sensors
def forwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    heading = player.heading()
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)



def leftDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 90 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 90 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def leftForwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 45 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 45 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def rightDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 90:
        heading = 360 - (90 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def rightForwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 45:
        heading = 360 - (45 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def doMath(heading, position, tangent):
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0, 0)

    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)

    return minForwDist

# finished sensors


while True:
    sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(),
               'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}
    changeDirectionTo = max(sensors, key=sensors.get)

    player.forward(speed)

    # change Direction To
    if changeDirectionTo == 'left':
        player.left(90)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'left forward':
        player.left(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right forward':
        player.right(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right':
        player.right(90)

    # when hitting the boundary
    if (int(player.position()[0]), int(player.position()[1])) in bounderies:
        scoreset()

    if player.xcor() > 300 or player.xcor() < -300:
        player.right(30)

    if player.ycor() > 300 or player.ycor() < -300:
        player.right(30)

    if player.position() == myObstacle.position():
        player.right(30)

    if player.xcor() > -150 and player.xcor() < 150 and player.ycor() > -150 and player.ycor() < 150:
        player.right(30)

您有很多地方,例如:

if something in bounderies: ...

問題是, bounderies是一個列表,因此查找是一個 O(n) 操作。 而且由於最常見的情況是something not in bounderies ,因此通常必須檢查整個列表以查看您的坐標不在其中。

添加單行:

...
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [150] * 301))
bounderies = set(bounderies)  # <--

將超級昂貴且頻繁的查找從 O(n) 變為 O(1)。 在我的電腦上,整個程序的運行速度提高了大約 18 倍。

你仍然可以做很多其他的事情來加快速度,但這是一個超級簡單有效的優化。

您的代碼有幾個問題。 首先是bounderies很好地解決的邊界[原文如此] 設置問題。 sensors的問題甚至比@LucasBelfanti 建議的還要嚴重。 您無需進行數學運算(即幾何)並找到到目標的距離,而是測試沿矢量的每個元素朝向目標的每個可能點。 沒有固定幾何形狀,因為您一次只查看一個向量,第一個截距應該是您想要的點,您可以脫離傳感器並避免接下來的 500 次左右的測試。

如果我們將其與使用math.tan()而不是math.sin()/math.cos()結合起來,並在角度上使用模運算,那么對於您的一個傳感器,我們會得到如下結果:

from math import radians, tan

def rightDistance():
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0, 0)
    x, y = int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor())
    heading = (player.heading() - 90) % 360
    tangent = tan(radians(heading))

    for alpha in range(1000):
        if 0 <= heading < 45 or 315 <= heading < 360:
            xCoordinate = x + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (y - x * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 225 <= heading < 315:
            yCoordinate = y - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (y - x * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 135 <= heading < 225:
            xCoordinate = x - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (y - x * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 45 <= heading < 135:
            yCoordinate = y + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (y - x * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in boundaries:
            return player.distance(tupleCoordinate)

    return minForwDist

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