Python 游戏太慢

Question

在#sensors 注释下创建代码后，我的游戏变得太慢了（参见下面的代码，它的 for 循环中有很多迭代）。 我已经为人类制作了移动红点的控件，但游戏应该由计算机自己玩。

我的问题是：

1. 我 2015 年的 15 英寸 macbook pro 是否太慢（此代码可以在另一台计算机上使用）？或
2. Python 语言是否太慢（此代码是否适用于其他语言）？ 或者
3. Python 模块（乌龟）对于此类任务是否错误？ 或者
4. 我的代码是不是很糟糕（它不适用于任何语言或任何计算机）？

或者是其他东西？

这是我的代码：

import turtle
import math

#Set up screen
wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.bgcolor("lightyellow")
score = 0

#Draw border
mypen = turtle.Turtle()
mypen.penup()
mypen.setposition(-300, -300)
mypen.speed(0)
mypen.pendown()
mypen.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    mypen.forward(600)
    mypen.left(90)
mypen.hideturtle()

#Draw obstacle
myObstacle = turtle.Turtle()
myObstacle.penup()
myObstacle.setposition(-150, -150)
myObstacle.speed(0)
myObstacle.pendown()
myObstacle.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    myObstacle.forward(300)
    myObstacle.left(90)
myObstacle.hideturtle()

#Create player turtle
player = turtle.Turtle()
player.penup()
player.speed(0)
player.setposition(-200, -200)
player.color("red")
player.shape("circle")


#Set speed variable
speed = 1


#define functions
def turnleft():
    player.left(30)
def turnright():
    player.right(30)
def increasespeed():
    global speed
    speed += 1
def decreasespeed():
    global speed
    if speed > 1:
        speed -= 1


#Set keyboard bindings
turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(turnleft, "Left")
turtle.onkey(turnright, "Right")
turtle.onkey(increasespeed, "Up")
turtle.onkey(decreasespeed, "Down")


#bounderies
def merge(list1, list2): 
    merged_list = [(list1[i], list2[i]) for i in range(0, len(list1))] 
    return merged_list 

bounderies = merge([-300] * 601, list(range(-300,301)))
bounderies.extend(merge([300] * 601, list(range(-300,301))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300,301)), [-300] * 601))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300,301)), [300] * 601))

bounderies.extend(merge([-150] * 301, list(range(-150,151))))
bounderies.extend(merge([150] * 301, list(range(-150,151))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [150] * 301))

def scoreset():
        global score
        score += 1
        scorestring = "Score: %s" %score
        mypen.undo()
        mypen.penup()
        mypen.setposition(-340, 310)
        mypen.pendown()
        mypen.color("green")
        mypen.write(scorestring, False, align = "left", font=("ariel", 16, "bold"))




        

#sensors
def forwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    heading = player.heading()
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def leftDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 90 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 90 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Left distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def leftForwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 45 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 45 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Left-forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def rightDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 90:
        heading = 360 - (90 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Right distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist

def rightForwardDistance():
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0,0)
    yCoordinate = 0
    xCoordinate = 0
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 45:
        heading = 360 - (45 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus
    
    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
            
        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
            #print("Right-forward distance: ", int(minForwDist))
    return minForwDist
#finished sensors


while True:
    rightForwardDistance()
    rightDistance()
    leftForwardDistance()
    leftDistance()
    forwardDistance()
    sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(), 'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}
    changeDirectionTo = max(sensors, key=sensors.get)
    
    player.forward(speed)

    #change Direction To
    if changeDirectionTo == 'left':
        player.left(90)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'left forward':
        player.left(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right forward':
        player.right(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right':
        player.right(90)
    
    #when hitting the boundary
    if (int(player.position()[0]),int(player.position()[1])) in bounderies:
        scoreset()
        
    if player.xcor() > 300 or player.xcor() < -300:
        player.right(30)
        
    if player.ycor() > 300 or player.ycor() < -300:
        player.right(30)
    
    if player.position() == myObstacle.position():
        player.right(30)
        
    if player.xcor() > -150 and player.xcor() < 150 and player.ycor() > -150 and player.ycor() < 150:
        player.right(30)

Answer 1

我已经复制并运行了您的代码，让我先回答问题：

1. 不，你的电脑没问题。
2. 在这种情况下，这应该不是问题。
3. 我不相信。 检查文档。
4. 我会说它可以改进。

代码进行大量处理的主要地方是wile True条件。 在那里你调用了 10 个函数：

rightForwardDistance()
rightDistance()
leftForwardDistance()
leftDistance()
forwardDistance()
sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(),
           'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}

其中每个人都有一个范围为 1000 的 for 循环，删除/评论前 5 个将使游戏更快一点。

rightForwardDistance()
rightDistance()
leftForwardDistance()
leftDistance()
forwardDistance()

除此之外，还可以通过不同的方式改进代码，例如：

    for alpha in range(1000):
    if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
        xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
        yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
        yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
        xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
        xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
        yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
        yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
        xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
        tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

    if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
        forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
        minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)
    # print("Left distance: ", int(minForwDist))

该代码重复 5 次，可以移动到 function 以避免重复。 该代码还有未使用的变量，可以删除。

yCoordinate = 0
xCoordinate = 0

在这些更改之后，代码将更具可读性并且速度更快：

import turtle
import math

# Set up screen
wn = turtle.Screen()
wn.bgcolor("lightyellow")
score = 0

# Draw border
mypen = turtle.Turtle()
mypen.penup()
mypen.setposition(-300, -300)
mypen.speed(0)
mypen.pendown()
mypen.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    mypen.forward(600)
    mypen.left(90)
mypen.hideturtle()

# Draw obstacle
myObstacle = turtle.Turtle()
myObstacle.penup()
myObstacle.setposition(-150, -150)
myObstacle.speed(0)
myObstacle.pendown()
myObstacle.pensize(3)
for side in range(4):
    myObstacle.forward(300)
    myObstacle.left(90)
myObstacle.hideturtle()

# Create player turtle
player = turtle.Turtle()
player.penup()
player.speed(0)
player.setposition(-200, -200)
player.color("red")
player.shape("circle")

# Set speed variable
speed = 1


# define functions
def turnleft():
    player.left(30)


def turnright():
    player.right(30)


def increasespeed():
    global speed
    speed += 1


def decreasespeed():
    global speed
    if speed > 1:
        speed -= 1


# Set keyboard bindings
turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(turnleft, "Left")
turtle.onkey(turnright, "Right")
turtle.onkey(increasespeed, "Up")
turtle.onkey(decreasespeed, "Down")


# bounderies
def merge(list1, list2):
    merged_list = [(list1[i], list2[i]) for i in range(0, len(list1))]
    return merged_list


bounderies = merge([-300] * 601, list(range(-300, 301)))
bounderies.extend(merge([300] * 601, list(range(-300, 301))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300, 301)), [-300] * 601))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-300, 301)), [300] * 601))

bounderies.extend(merge([-150] * 301, list(range(-150, 151))))
bounderies.extend(merge([150] * 301, list(range(-150, 151))))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150, 151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150, 151)), [150] * 301))


def scoreset():
    global score
    score += 1
    scorestring = "Score: %s" % score
    mypen.undo()
    mypen.penup()
    mypen.setposition(-340, 310)
    mypen.pendown()
    mypen.color("green")
    mypen.write(scorestring, False, align="left", font=("arial", 16, "bold"))


# sensors
def forwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    heading = player.heading()
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)



def leftDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 90 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 90 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def leftForwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() + 45 >= 360:
        heading = player.heading() + 45 - 360
    else:
        heading = player.heading() + 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def rightDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 90:
        heading = 360 - (90 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 90
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def rightForwardDistance():
    position = (int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor()))
    if player.heading() < 45:
        heading = 360 - (45 - player.heading())
    else:
        heading = player.heading() - 45
    sinus = math.sin(math.radians(heading))
    cosinus = math.cos(math.radians(heading))
    tangent = sinus / cosinus

    return doMath(heading, position, tangent)


def doMath(heading, position, tangent):
    forwardDistance = []
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0, 0)

    for alpha in range(1000):
        if (heading < 45 and heading >= 0) or (heading < 360 and heading >= 315):
            xCoordinate = position[0] + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 315 and heading >= 225):
            yCoordinate = position[1] - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 225 and heading >= 135):
            xCoordinate = position[0] - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        elif (heading < 135 and heading >= 45):
            yCoordinate = position[1] + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (position[1] - position[0] * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in bounderies:
            forwardDistance.append(player.distance(tupleCoordinate))
            minForwDist = min(forwardDistance)

    return minForwDist

# finished sensors


while True:
    sensors = {'left': leftDistance(), 'left forward': leftForwardDistance(), 'forward': forwardDistance(),
               'right forward': rightForwardDistance(), 'right': rightDistance()}
    changeDirectionTo = max(sensors, key=sensors.get)

    player.forward(speed)

    # change Direction To
    if changeDirectionTo == 'left':
        player.left(90)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'left forward':
        player.left(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right forward':
        player.right(45)
    elif changeDirectionTo == 'right':
        player.right(90)

    # when hitting the boundary
    if (int(player.position()[0]), int(player.position()[1])) in bounderies:
        scoreset()

    if player.xcor() > 300 or player.xcor() < -300:
        player.right(30)

    if player.ycor() > 300 or player.ycor() < -300:
        player.right(30)

    if player.position() == myObstacle.position():
        player.right(30)

    if player.xcor() > -150 and player.xcor() < 150 and player.ycor() > -150 and player.ycor() < 150:
        player.right(30)

Answer 2

您有很多地方，例如：

if something in bounderies: ...

问题是， bounderies是一个列表，因此查找是一个 O(n) 操作。 而且由于最常见的情况是something not in bounderies ，因此通常必须检查整个列表以查看您的坐标不在其中。

添加单行：

...
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [-150] * 301))
bounderies.extend(merge(list(range(-150,151)), [150] * 301))
bounderies = set(bounderies)  # <--

将超级昂贵且频繁的查找从 O(n) 变为 O(1)。 在我的电脑上，整个程序的运行速度提高了大约 18 倍。

你仍然可以做很多其他的事情来加快速度，但这是一个超级简单有效的优化。

Answer 3

您的代码有几个问题。 首先是bounderies很好地解决的边界[原文如此] 设置问题。 但sensors的问题甚至比@LucasBelfanti 建议的还要严重。 您无需进行数学运算（即几何）并找到到目标的距离，而是测试沿矢量的每个元素朝向目标的每个可能点。 没有固定几何形状，因为您一次只查看一个向量，第一个截距应该是您想要的点，您可以脱离传感器并避免接下来的 500 次左右的测试。

如果我们将其与使用math.tan()而不是math.sin()/math.cos()结合起来，并在角度上使用模运算，那么对于您的一个传感器，我们会得到如下结果：

from math import radians, tan

def rightDistance():
    minForwDist = 0
    tupleCoordinate = (0, 0)
    x, y = int(player.xcor()), int(player.ycor())
    heading = (player.heading() - 90) % 360
    tangent = tan(radians(heading))

    for alpha in range(1000):
        if 0 <= heading < 45 or 315 <= heading < 360:
            xCoordinate = x + alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (y - x * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 225 <= heading < 315:
            yCoordinate = y - alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (y - x * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 135 <= heading < 225:
            xCoordinate = x - alpha
            yCoordinate = xCoordinate * tangent + (y - x * tangent)
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))
        elif 45 <= heading < 135:
            yCoordinate = y + alpha
            xCoordinate = (yCoordinate - (y - x * tangent)) / tangent
            tupleCoordinate = (int(xCoordinate), int(yCoordinate))

        if tupleCoordinate in boundaries:
            return player.distance(tupleCoordinate)

    return minForwDist