[英]C# Priority Queue
我正在尋找具有如下界面的優先級隊列:
class PriorityQueue<T>
{
public void Enqueue(T item, int priority)
{
}
public T Dequeue()
{
}
}
我見過的所有實現都假設item
是IComparable
但我不喜歡這種方法; 我想在將其推入隊列時指定優先級。
如果不存在現成的實現,那么我自己做這件事的最佳方法是什么? 我應該使用什么底層數據結構? 某種自平衡樹,還是什么? 一個標准的 C#.net 結構會很好。
如果您有一個基於 IComparable 的現有優先級隊列實現,您可以輕松地使用它來構建您需要的結構:
public class CustomPriorityQueue<T> // where T need NOT be IComparable
{
private class PriorityQueueItem : IComparable<PriorityQueueItem>
{
private readonly T _item;
private readonly int _priority:
// obvious constructor, CompareTo implementation and Item accessor
}
// the existing PQ implementation where the item *does* need to be IComparable
private readonly PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueItem> _inner = new PriorityQueue<PriorityQueueItem>();
public void Enqueue(T item, int priority)
{
_inner.Enqueue(new PriorityQueueItem(item, priority));
}
public T Dequeue()
{
return _inner.Dequeue().Item;
}
}
您可以添加安全檢查等等,但這是一個使用SortedList
的非常簡單的實現:
class PriorityQueue<T> {
SortedList<Pair<int>, T> _list;
int count;
public PriorityQueue() {
_list = new SortedList<Pair<int>, T>(new PairComparer<int>());
}
public void Enqueue(T item, int priority) {
_list.Add(new Pair<int>(priority, count), item);
count++;
}
public T Dequeue() {
T item = _list[_list.Keys[0]];
_list.RemoveAt(0);
return item;
}
}
我假設較小的priority
值對應於較高優先級的項目(這很容易修改)。
如果多個線程將訪問隊列,您也需要添加鎖定機制。 這很容易,但如果您需要這里的指導,請告訴我。
SortedList
在內部實現為二叉樹。
上述實現需要以下幫助類。 這解決了 Lasse V. Karlsen 的評論,即不能使用使用SortedList
的幼稚實現添加具有相同優先級的項目。
class Pair<T> {
public T First { get; private set; }
public T Second { get; private set; }
public Pair(T first, T second) {
First = first;
Second = second;
}
public override int GetHashCode() {
return First.GetHashCode() ^ Second.GetHashCode();
}
public override bool Equals(object other) {
Pair<T> pair = other as Pair<T>;
if (pair == null) {
return false;
}
return (this.First.Equals(pair.First) && this.Second.Equals(pair.Second));
}
}
class PairComparer<T> : IComparer<Pair<T>> where T : IComparable {
public int Compare(Pair<T> x, Pair<T> y) {
if (x.First.CompareTo(y.First) < 0) {
return -1;
}
else if (x.First.CompareTo(y.First) > 0) {
return 1;
}
else {
return x.Second.CompareTo(y.Second);
}
}
}
您可以圍繞現有實現之一編寫一個包裝器,將接口修改為您的偏好:
using System;
class PriorityQueueThatYouDontLike<T> where T: IComparable<T>
{
public void Enqueue(T item) { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
public T Dequeue() { throw new NotImplementedException(); }
}
class PriorityQueue<T>
{
class ItemWithPriority : IComparable<ItemWithPriority>
{
public ItemWithPriority(T t, int priority)
{
Item = t;
Priority = priority;
}
public T Item {get; private set;}
public int Priority {get; private set;}
public int CompareTo(ItemWithPriority other)
{
return Priority.CompareTo(other.Priority);
}
}
PriorityQueueThatYouDontLike<ItemWithPriority> q = new PriorityQueueThatYouDontLike<ItemWithPriority>();
public void Enqueue(T item, int priority)
{
q.Enqueue(new ItemWithPriority(item, priority));
}
public T Dequeue()
{
return q.Dequeue().Item;
}
}
這與 itowlson 的建議相同。 我只是花了更長的時間來寫我的,因為我填寫了更多的方法。 :-s
這是一個非常簡單的輕量級實現,對於推送和彈出都具有 O(log(n)) 性能。 它使用建立在 List<T> 之上的堆數據結構。
/// <summary>Implements a priority queue of T, where T has an ordering.</summary>
/// Elements may be added to the queue in any order, but when we pull
/// elements out of the queue, they will be returned in 'ascending' order.
/// Adding new elements into the queue may be done at any time, so this is
/// useful to implement a dynamically growing and shrinking queue. Both adding
/// an element and removing the first element are log(N) operations.
///
/// The queue is implemented using a priority-heap data structure. For more
/// details on this elegant and simple data structure see "Programming Pearls"
/// in our library. The tree is implemented atop a list, where 2N and 2N+1 are
/// the child nodes of node N. The tree is balanced and left-aligned so there
/// are no 'holes' in this list.
/// <typeparam name="T">Type T, should implement IComparable[T];</typeparam>
public class PriorityQueue<T> where T : IComparable<T> {
/// <summary>Clear all the elements from the priority queue</summary>
public void Clear () {
mA.Clear ();
}
/// <summary>Add an element to the priority queue - O(log(n)) time operation.</summary>
/// <param name="item">The item to be added to the queue</param>
public void Add (T item) {
// We add the item to the end of the list (at the bottom of the
// tree). Then, the heap-property could be violated between this element
// and it's parent. If this is the case, we swap this element with the
// parent (a safe operation to do since the element is known to be less
// than it's parent). Now the element move one level up the tree. We repeat
// this test with the element and it's new parent. The element, if lesser
// than everybody else in the tree will eventually bubble all the way up
// to the root of the tree (or the head of the list). It is easy to see
// this will take log(N) time, since we are working with a balanced binary
// tree.
int n = mA.Count; mA.Add (item);
while (n != 0) {
int p = n / 2; // This is the 'parent' of this item
if (mA[n].CompareTo (mA[p]) >= 0) break; // Item >= parent
T tmp = mA[n]; mA[n] = mA[p]; mA[p] = tmp; // Swap item and parent
n = p; // And continue
}
}
/// <summary>Returns the number of elements in the queue.</summary>
public int Count {
get { return mA.Count; }
}
/// <summary>Returns true if the queue is empty.</summary>
/// Trying to call Peek() or Next() on an empty queue will throw an exception.
/// Check using Empty first before calling these methods.
public bool Empty {
get { return mA.Count == 0; }
}
/// <summary>Allows you to look at the first element waiting in the queue, without removing it.</summary>
/// This element will be the one that will be returned if you subsequently call Next().
public T Peek () {
return mA[0];
}
/// <summary>Removes and returns the first element from the queue (least element)</summary>
/// <returns>The first element in the queue, in ascending order.</returns>
public T Next () {
// The element to return is of course the first element in the array,
// or the root of the tree. However, this will leave a 'hole' there. We
// fill up this hole with the last element from the array. This will
// break the heap property. So we bubble the element downwards by swapping
// it with it's lower child until it reaches it's correct level. The lower
// child (one of the orignal elements with index 1 or 2) will now be at the
// head of the queue (root of the tree).
T val = mA[0];
int nMax = mA.Count - 1;
mA[0] = mA[nMax]; mA.RemoveAt (nMax); // Move the last element to the top
int p = 0;
while (true) {
// c is the child we want to swap with. If there
// is no child at all, then the heap is balanced
int c = p * 2; if (c >= nMax) break;
// If the second child is smaller than the first, that's the one
// we want to swap with this parent.
if (c + 1 < nMax && mA[c + 1].CompareTo (mA[c]) < 0) c++;
// If the parent is already smaller than this smaller child, then
// we are done
if (mA[p].CompareTo (mA[c]) <= 0) break;
// Othewise, swap parent and child, and follow down the parent
T tmp = mA[p]; mA[p] = mA[c]; mA[c] = tmp;
p = c;
}
return val;
}
/// <summary>The List we use for implementation.</summary>
List<T> mA = new List<T> ();
}
這正是我高度優化的 C# priority-queue使用的接口。
它是專門為尋路應用程序(A* 等)開發的,但也可以完美地適用於任何其他應用程序。
public class User
{
public string Name { get; private set; }
public User(string name)
{
Name = name;
}
}
...
var priorityQueue = new SimplePriorityQueue<User>();
priorityQueue.Enqueue(new User("Jason"), 1);
priorityQueue.Enqueue(new User("Joseph"), 10);
//Because it's a min-priority queue, the following line will return "Jason"
User user = priorityQueue.Dequeue();
這樣的事情有什么可怕的?
class PriorityQueue<TItem, TPriority> where TPriority : IComparable
{
private SortedList<TPriority, Queue<TItem>> pq = new SortedList<TPriority, Queue<TItem>>();
public int Count { get; private set; }
public void Enqueue(TItem item, TPriority priority)
{
++Count;
if (!pq.ContainsKey(priority)) pq[priority] = new Queue<TItem>();
pq[priority].Enqueue(item);
}
public TItem Dequeue()
{
--Count;
var queue = pq.ElementAt(0).Value;
if (queue.Count == 1) pq.RemoveAt(0);
return queue.Dequeue();
}
}
class PriorityQueue<TItem> : PriorityQueue<TItem, int> { }
我意識到您的問題專門要求基於非 IComparable 的實現,但我想指出Visual Studio Magazine
最近的一篇文章。
http://visualstudiomagazine.com/articles/2012/11/01/priority-queues-with-c.aspx
@itowlson 的這篇文章可以給出完整的答案。
有點晚了,但我會在這里添加以供參考
https://github.com/ERufian/Algs4-CSharp
鍵值對優先級隊列在 Algs4/IndexMaxPQ.cs、Algs4/IndexMinPQ.cs 和 Algs4/IndexPQDictionary.cs 中實現
筆記:
.NET6 終於為 PriorityQueue 提供了一個 API
看這里
似乎您可以使用一系列隊列來創建自己的隊列,每個優先級一個。 字典,只需將其添加到適當的字典中即可。
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