Python: What does *= mean?

Question

In Python, what does it mean when *= is used. For example:

for i in xrange(len(files)):
    itimes[i,:,:] *= thishdr["truitime"]

Answer 1

It just means "[expression on the left] = [itself] * [expression on the right]":

itimes[i,:,:] *= thishdr["truitime"]

is equivalent to

itimes[i,:,:] = itimes[i,:,:] * thishdr["truitime"]

Answer 2

As others have explained, this is roughly an equivalent to:

[object] = [object] * [another_object]

However, it's not exactly the same. Technically, the above calls the __mul__ function, which returns a value, and reassign it back to the name.

For example, we have an object A and multiplying it with B . The process is something like this:

> Call the __mul__ function of object A, 
> Retrieve the new object returned.
> Reassign it to the name A.

Looks simple. Now, by doing *= we're not invoking the method __mul__ , but instead __imul__ , which will attempt to modify itself. The process is something like this:

> Call the __imul__ function of object A,
> __imul__ will change the value of the object, it returns the modified object itself
> The value is reassigned back to the name A, but still points to the same place in memory.

With this, you're modifying it in-place, not creating a new object.

So what? It looks the same..

Not exactly. If you replaces an object, you created a new place for it in memory. If you modify it in-place, the object location in the memory will always be the same.

Take a look at this console session:

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a
>>> c = 10
>>> a = a * c
>>> print a
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> b
[1, 2, 3]

If we check the memory address:

>>> id(a) == id(b)

False

Using this, the value of b is unchanged, since a is now just pointing to a different place. But using *= :

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> b = a
>>> c = 10
>>> a *= c
>>> b
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

And if we check the memory address:

>>> id(a) == id(b)
True

The operation affects b as well. This can be tricky and leading to confusing behaviours, sometimes. But once you understand it, it would be easy to handle.

Hope this helps!

Answer 3

It means "set this variable to itself times "

>>> fred = 10
>>> fred *= 10                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
>>> fred                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
100                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
>>> barney = ["a"]                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
>>> barney *= 10                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
>>> barney 
['a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a']