Difference on bash and ash parentheses

Question

I was trying to use a diff command for comparing directory listings which works fine in bash:

diff  <(cd alpha ; find . -type f) <(cd beta; find . -type f)

However, on the ash (embedded device where no other shell is available) I get

-ash: syntax error: unexpected "("

Is there any difference regarding reading input operator < or parentheses ( ) ?

Answer 1

Don't confuse the angle bracket in <( … ) with the one in redirections like cat < file . In bash, <( echo hi ) is effectively a file with the contents "hi" (at least for reading purposes). So you can do

$ cat < <( echo hi )
hi

You can also do

$ echo <( : )
/dev/fd/63

And the shell actually expands that process substitution to a filename.

Process substitution is a bash feature. It is not part of the POSIX specification and does not exist in shells like ash. Redirection , on the other hand, is POSIX.

Answer 2

<(command)语法是Process Substitution，并且ash shell（和其他受限制的/ etc。shell）不支持。

Answer 3

I find this the most compact and comprehensible solution:

#!/bin/sh
diff /dev/fd/3 3<<-EOF /dev/fd/4 4<<-EOF
$(sort file1)
EOF
$(sort file2)
EOF

ref: https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/639752/137528