are C++11 user defined literals slower than normal type casting?

Question

1) is any of these faster than the other at runtime? which and why?
2) does this occur at compile time or runtime?

unsigned short operator"" _ushort( unsigned long long arg ){ return arg; }

unsigned short my_var = 0x1234;          // using type and literal
auto my_var = unsigned short(0x1234);    // using auto and casting literal to type
auto my_var = 0x1234_ushort;             // using auto and user defined literal to cast

edit: does using constexpr help it?

constexpr unsigned short operator"" _ushort( unsigned long long arg ){ return arg; }

Answer 1

所有这些都在编译时初始化，因此对它们中的任何一个都没有运行时影响。

Answer 2

Let us see from the generated assemblies... using this tool: https://gcc.godbolt.org

The assembly produced by clang is: (modified your code to compile)

For this input,

inline unsigned char operator "" _kx ( unsigned long long arg ){ return arg; }

unsigned char my_var = 0x14;          // using type and literal
auto my_var2 = (unsigned char) 0x1234;    // using auto and casting literal to type
auto my_var3 = 0x1234_kx;             // using auto and user defined literal to cast

The assembly generated is

my_var:
        .byte   20                      # 0x14

my_var2:
        .byte   52                      # 0x34

my_var3:
        .byte   52                      # 0x34

So, there is no performance hit... rather a gain in flexibility.... Though the operator function seems to still be created in certain compiler versions under certain flags.... The values are initialized at compile-time

https://godbolt.org/g/YuJyQd