Are functions in JavaScript tail-call optimized?

Question

I have been trying to understand Tail call optimization in context of JavaScript and have written the below recursive and tail-recursive methods for factorial() .

Recursive:

function factorial (n) {
  if (n < 2) {
    return 1;
  } else {
    return n * factorial(n-1);
  }
}

Tail-recursive:

function factorial (n) {
  function fact(n, acc) {
    if (n < 2) {
      return acc;
    } else {
      return fact(n-1, n * acc);
    }
  }

  return fact(n, 1)
}

But I am not sure if the tail-recursive version of the function will be optimised by JavaScript compiler as it is done in other languages like Scala etc. Can someone help me out on this one?

Answer 1

Update: As of January 1, 2020 Safari is the only browser that supports tail call optimization.

The chromium team explicitly states that Tail Call Optimization is not under active development and can be tracked here .

The implementation for Firefox can be tracked here

Original Post

Yes, ES2015 offers tail call optimization in strict mode. Dr. Axel Rauschmayer lays it out beautifully at the link below so I shall not repeat his words here.

Note: ES 5 does not optimize tail calls.

http://www.2ality.com/2015/06/tail-call-optimization.html

Answer 2

In theory yes. As the other answer states.

In practice though, as of July 2017, No. Only Safari supports it.

Javascript ES6 (ES2015) compatability: https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/

Answer 3

As the other answers have said, not in practice. However, you can define a utility to help out.

class Tco {
  constructor(func) {
    this.func = func;
  }
  execute() {
    let value = this;
    while (value instanceof Tco)
      value = value.func();
    return value;
  }
}

const tco = (f) => new Tco(f);

function factorial (n) {
  const fact = (n, acc) => tco(() => {
    if (n < 2) {
      return acc;
    } else {
      return fact(n-1, n * acc);
    }
  });

  return fact(n, 1).execute();
}

console.log(factorial(2000000)); // Infinity

As you can see, this allows you to write tail recursive functions with only a small difference in syntax, without running into a max call stack error.

Answer 4

Safari is the only browser that supports tail call optimization. ES2015 offers tail call optimization in strict mode

    function factorial(n, returnVal= 1) {
      'use strict';
       if (n <= 1) return returnVal;
        return factorial(n - 1, n * returnVal);
}


factorial(555)

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