I have the following code:
def isPP(n):
pos = [int(i) for i in range(n+1)]
pos = pos[2:] ##to ignore the trivial n** 1 == n case
y = []
for i in pos:
for it in pos:
if i** it == n:
y.append((i,it))
#return list((i,it))
#break
if len(y) <1:
return None
else:
return list(y[0])
Which works perfectly up until ~2000, since I'm storing far too much in memory. What can I do to make it work efficiently for large numbers (say, 50000 or 100000). I tried to make it end after finding one case, but my algorithm is still far too inefficient if the number is large.
Any tips?
IIRC,迭代检查“它有平方根吗?有立方根吗?有第四个根吗?……”要容易得多,您很快就会得出推定的根必须在1
之间的观点。和2
,此时您可以停止。
A number n is a perfect power if there exists a b and e for which b ^ e = n . For instance 216 = 6^3 = 2^3 * 3^3 is a perfect power, but 72 = 2^3 * 3^2 is not.
The trick to determining if a number is a perfect power is to know that, if the number is a perfect power, then the exponent e must be less than log2 n , because if e is greater then 2^ e will be greater than n . Further, it is only necessary to test prime e s, because if a number is a perfect power to a composite exponent it will also be a perfect power to the prime factors of the composite component; for instance, 2^15 = 32768 = 32^3 = 8^5 is a perfect cube root and also a perfect fifth root.
The function isPerfectPower
shown below tests each prime less than log2 n by first computing the integer root using Newton's method, then powering the result to check if it is equal to n . Auxiliary function primes
compute a list of prime numbers by the Sieve of Eratosthenes, iroot
computes the integer k th-root by Newton's method, and ilog
computes the integer logarithm to base b by binary search.
def primes(n): # sieve of eratosthenes
i, p, ps, m = 0, 3, [2], n // 2
sieve = [True] * m
while p <= n:
if sieve[i]:
ps.append(p)
for j in range((p*p-3)/2, m, p):
sieve[j] = False
i, p = i+1, p+2
return ps
def iroot(k, n): # assume n > 0
u, s, k1 = n, n+1, k-1
while u < s:
s = u
u = (k1 * u + n // u ** k1) // k
return s
def ilog(b, n): # max e where b**e <= n
lo, blo, hi, bhi = 0, 1, 1, b
while bhi < n:
lo, blo, hi, bhi = hi, bhi, hi+hi, bhi*bhi
while 1 < (hi - lo):
mid = (lo + hi) // 2
bmid = blo * pow(b, (mid - lo))
if n < bmid: hi, bhi = mid, bmid
elif bmid < n: lo, blo = mid, bmid
else: return mid
if bhi == n: return hi
return lo
def isPerfectPower(n): # x if n == x ** y, or False
for p in primes(ilog(2,n)):
x = iroot(p, n)
if pow(x, p) == n: return x
return False
There is further discussion of the perfect power predicate at my blog .
a relevant improvement would be:
import math
def isPP(n):
# first have a look at the length of n in binary representation
ln = int(math.log(n)/math.log(2)) + 1
y = []
for i in range(n+1):
if (i <= 1):
continue
# calculate max power
li = int(math.log(i)/math.log(2))
mxi = ln / li + 1
for it in range(mxi):
if (it <= 1):
continue
if i ** it == n:
y.append((i,it))
# break if you only need 1
if len(y) <1:
return None
else:
return list(y[0])
I think a better way would be implementing this "hack":
import math
def isPP(n):
range = math.log(n)/math.log(2)
range = (int)(range)
result = []
for i in xrange(n):
if(i<=1):
continue
exponent = (int)(math.log(n)/math.log(i))
for j in [exponent-1, exponent, exponent+1]:
if i ** j == n:
result.append([i,j])
return result
print isPP(10000)
Result:
[[10,4],[100,2]]
The hack uses the fact that:
if log(a)/log(b) = c,
then power(b,c) = a
Since this calculation can be a bit off in floating points giving really approximate results, exponent is checked to the accuracy of +/- 1
.
You can make necessary adjustments for handling corner cases like n=1, etc.
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