neural network from scratch in python using sigmoid activation

Question

i am new to python,trying to learn machine learning in python.i have tried to write a neural network from scratch with one hidden layer on the famous iris dataset.this is a three class classifier with out put as one hot vectors.i have also taken help from already written algos for help.for instance i used the same training set as my testing set.

it is a huge code to go through,i would like you to tell me, that how do we subtract 'y' output( which is one hot vector) of dimensions (150,3) and my out y softmax will be of vector (150,21).this is my biggest problem.i tried to look online everyone have used this method but since i am weak in python i don't understand it.this is the line of code delta3[range(m1), y] -= 1 arrays used as indices must be of integer (or boolean) type if m1 is sie of(150) and if i give size m1(150,3) then delta3[range(m1), y] -= 1 TypeError: range() integer end argument expected, got tuple.

remember m1=150
my y vector=150,3
softmax=150,21

my code is

#labels or classes
#1=iris-setosa
#2=iris-versicolor
#0=iris-virginica

#features
#sepallength
#sepalwidth
#petallengthcm
#petalwidth


import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import csv
import numpy as np
df=pd.read_csv('Iris.csv')

df.convert_objects(convert_numeric=True)
df.fillna(0,inplace=True)

df.drop(['Id'],1,inplace=True)
#function to convert three labels into values 0,1,2
def handle_non_numericaldata(df):
    columns=df.columns.values
    for column in columns:
        text_digit_vals={}
        def convert_to_int(val):
            return text_digit_vals[val]
        if df[column].dtype!=np.int64 and df[column].dtype!=np.float:       
            column_contents=df[column].values.tolist()
            unique_elements=set(column_contents)
            x=0
            for unique in unique_elements:
                if unique not in text_digit_vals:
                    text_digit_vals[unique]=x
                    x+=1
            df[column]=list(map(convert_to_int,df[column]))
     return(df)
handle_non_numericaldata(df)    

x=np.array(df.drop(['Species'],1).astype(float))
c=np.array(df['Species'])


n_values=(np.max(c)+1)
y=(np.eye(n_values)[c])

m1=np.size(c)

theta=np.ones(shape=(4,1))
theta2=np.ones(shape=(1,21))
#no of examples "m"

#learning rate alpha
alpha=0.01
#regularization parameter
lamda=0.01
for i in range(1,1000):
    z1=np.dot(x,theta)  
    sigma=1/(1+np.exp(-z1))

    #activation layer 2.
    a2=sigma
    z2=np.dot(a2,theta2)

    probs=np.exp(z2)

    softmax=probs/np.sum(probs,axis=1,keepdims=True)
    delta3=softmax



    delta3[range(m1), y] -= 1

    A2=np.transpose(a2)
    dw2 = (A2).dot(delta3)
    W2=np.transpose(theta2)

    delta2=delta3.dot(W2)*sigma*(1-sigma)
    X2=np.transpose(x)
    dw1=np.dot(X2,delta2)


    dw2=dw2-lamda*theta2
    dw1=dw1-lamda*theta

    theta =theta -alpha* dw1

     theta2= theta2-alpha * dw2
    correct_logprobs=0
    correct_logprobs=correct_logprobs-np.log(probs[range(m1),y])
    data_loss=np.sum(correct_logprobs)
    data_loss+=lamda/2*(np.sum(np.square(theta))+ np.square(theta2))
    loss=1./m1*data_loss
    if 1000%i==0:
        print("loss after iteration%i:%f",loss)


final1=x.dot(theta)
sigma=1/(1+np.exp(-final1))
z2=sigma.dot(theta2)
exp_scores=np.exp(z2)
probs=exp_scores/np.sum(exp_scores,axis=1,keepdims=True)
print(np.argmax(probs,axis=1))

Answer 1

In Python range generates a tuple of numbers from x to y with range(x, y) . If you generate something like range(10) then it is the same as (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) . Lists in Python need an integer index such as list[0] or list[4] , not list[0, 4] , however, there is a built-in thing in Python that allows access from index x to index y in a list here is the syntax: list[0:4] . This will return every value from 0 to 3 in the list. Such as if a list is list = [0,10,3,4,12,5,3] then list[0:4] will return [0,10,3,4] .

Try taking a look at list data structures in Python on the Python Docs . As well as Understanding Generators in Python .

I think what your looking for is something like this: delta3 = [[z-1 for z in delta3[x:y]] for x in range(m1)] . This list comprehension uses two generations both, [x-1 for x in l] , which subtracts one from every element in the list, and [l[x:y] for x in range(m)] , which generates a list of lists with values through x to y in a range of m. Though I'm not sure I understand what your end goal is, fully.