Let's say I have this class:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
If I want to instantiate Person
I can do:
me = Person("António")
But what if I only want to instantiate Person
if name
has type str
?
I tried this:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
if type(name) == str:
self.name = name
But then when I do:
me = Person("António")
print(me.name)
you = Person(1)
print(you.name)
I get this:
So all that's happening is:
name
is str
, the instance has a .name
methodname
is not str
, the instance has no .name
methodBut what I actually want, is to stop instantiation all together if name is not an str
.
In other words, I want it to be impossible to create an object from the Person
class with a non str
name
.
How can I do that?
You could use a factory that checks the parameters, and returns a Person
object if everything is fine, or raises an error:
maybe something line this:
class PersonNameError(Exception):
pass
class Person:
def __init__(self):
self.name = None
def person_from_name(name: str) -> Person:
"""Person factory that checks if the parameter name is valid
returns a Person object if it is, or raises an error without
creating an instance of Person if not.
"""
if isinstance(name, str):
p = Person()
p.name = name
return p
raise PersonNameError('a name must be a string')
p = person_from_name('Antonio')
Whereas:
p = person_from_name(123) # <-- parameter name is not a string
throws an exception:
PersonNameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-41-a23e22774881> in <module>
14
15 p = person_from_name('Antonio')
---> 16 p = person_from_name(123)
<ipython-input-41-a23e22774881> in person_from_name(name)
11 p.name = name
12 return p
---> 13 raise PersonNameError('a name must be a string')
14
15 p = person_from_name('Antonio')
PersonNameError: a name must be a string
How about :
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
if type(name) == str:
self.name = name
else:
raise Exception("name attribute should be a string")
You should use factory design pattern
. You can read more about it here . To put it simple:
Create Class/method that will check for the conditions and return new class instance only if those conditions are met.
If you want to modify instantiation behaviour, You can create a constructor, using a class method.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("ok")
@classmethod
def create(cls, name):
if not isinstance(name, str):
raise ValueError(f"Expected name to be a string, got {type(name)}")
return cls(name)
me = Person.create("António")
print(me.name)
you = Person.create(1)
print(you.name)
OK prints once proving only once instantiation
ok
António
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/data/user/0/ru.iiec.pydroid3/files/accomp_files/iiec_run/iiec_run.py", line 31, in <module>
start(fakepyfile,mainpyfile) File "/data/user/0/ru.iiec.pydroid3/files/accomp_files/iiec_run/iiec_run.py", line 30, in start
exec(open(mainpyfile).read(), __main__.__dict__)
File "<string>", line 17, in <module>
File "<string>", line 11, in create
ValueError: Expected name to be a string, got <class 'int'>
[Program finished]
Here, it's an explicit test that's being done. Overriding new is very rarely needed and for everyday normal classes I think it should be avoided. Doing so keeps the class implementation simple.
class Test(object):
print("ok")
def __new__(cls, x):
if isinstance(x, str) :
print(x)
else:
raise ValueError(f"Expected name to be a string, got {type(x)}")
obj1 = Test("António")
obj2 = Test(1)
ok
António
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/data/user/0/ru.iiec.pydroid3/files/accomp_files/iiec_run/iiec_run.py", line 31, in <module>
start(fakepyfile,mainpyfile) File "/data/user/0/ru.iiec.pydroid3/files/accomp_files/iiec_run/iiec_run.py", line 30, in start
exec(open(mainpyfile).read(), __main__.__dict__)
File "<string>", line 14, in <module>
File "<string>", line 10, in __new__
ValueError: Expected name to be a string, got <class 'int'>
[Program finished]
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