C programming 2D array memory layout

Question

Consider the c code below.

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
   unsigned int x[4][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6},
                       {7, 8, 9}, {10, 11, 12}};
   printf("%u, %u, %u", x+3, *(x+3), *(x+2)+3);
   printf("\n%u, %u, %u", x,&x,*x);
   return 0;
}

Now each of the printf statement prints the same values as mentioned below.

6356724, 6356724, 6356724
6356688, 6356688, 6356688
Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 0.128 s
Press any key to continue.

I wanted to know how is the outcome same in each printf statements. This is my understanding of memory layout of 2-D array.

Now I believe x+3 refers to base address of( x + 3 * size require for pointer arithmetic ) = 24 and *(x +3 ) = *(24) = 2036 but its not the case the first printf statement prints 2036, 2036 2036 . I wanted to visually understand how exactly 2-D array is organized.

Answer 1

Whenever an array is mentioned, it decays to a pointer to its first element (except in a few cases that are not interesting right now).

Why x , &x and *x are all printed the same? That's because the array itself, its first element, (and if it's a 2D array, the first element of its first element, which is by itself a 1D array) all have the same address.

So:

• &x is the pointer to the array
• x is the array itself, which decays to the pointer of its first element
• *x is the first element of the array, which is itself an array (1, 2, 3} , so it decays to the pointer of its first element

All these pointers have different types, but point to the same address.

The same thing happens with x+3 and *(x+3) . First, x decays to a pointer, then pointer arithmetic is performed. Say y = x + 3 , so y and *y point to the same address just as x and *x` do (see above).

What about *(x+2)+3 ? Well, *(x + 2) is itself is an array of 3 elements. So *(x+2)+3 points to one element past the end of the *(x + 2) array. This non-existing element has an address nevertheless , and it is the same as the address of the first element of the *(x + 3) array --- because *(x + 2) and *(x + 3) are next to each other in the x array.

Answer 2

I'll try to explain from a layman's point of view.

Let us assume the base address is 3000, and assume that integer takes 4 bytes.

Considering your 2-D array, this is how WE visualise a 2-D array in the memory :

         0                       1                2
     --------------------------------------------------
  0 |   1                |    2           |   3          |
    | 3000/3001/3002/3003| 3004/05/06/07  | 3008/09/10/11|
    |___________________ |________________|______________|                      
  1 |    4               |    5           |   6          |
    |   3012             |    3016        |   3020       |
    |____________________|________________|______________|                      
  2 |    7               |    8           |   9          |
    |    3024            |    3028        |   3032       |
    |____________________|________________|______________|                      
  3 |     10             |   11           |   12         |
    |    3036            |   3040         |   3044       |
    |                    |                |              |
    ------------------------------------------------------

Now, you should know how a 2-D array is actually stored just like a 1-D array in the memory:

index    0       1       2      3     4      5     6      7      8      9      10    11  

        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       |  1   |  2   |  3   |  4   |  5   | 6   |  7   |  8   |  9   |  10  |  11 |  12  |       
       |      |      |      |      |      |     |      |      |      |      |     |      |
add.   |3000__|_3004_|_3008_|_3012_|_3016_|_3020|3024__|_3028_|3032__|_3036_|_3040|3044_ |

---

Now, your code says:

printf("%u, %u, %u", x+3, *(x+3), *(x+2)+3);

(i) x+3

Here x is your base address, which is 3000(assumed), and +3 means the 3rd row. Since there is nothing after that,ie, x+3, we will find out the address of the first element of the 3rd row.

=3000+36=3036

(refer the 2D array visualisation that WE see, the first one)

(ii) *(x+3)

This is the same as x+3, ie, we have to find the address of the first element of the third row. I say the first element because if something was mentioned after *(x+3)+'something', then we would be concerned about finding it.

=3000+36=3036.

(refer the 2D array visualisation that WE see, the first one)

(iii) *(x+2)+3

Just for understanding , let us break this into two parts.

First, *(x+2): as we have seen in the above two parts, *(x+2) says that "I have started from the base address, now give me the address of the first element of the 2nd row. So, we reach element with value 7 and address 3024 . (refer the 2D array visualisation that WE see, the first one)

Second, +3 as in *(x+2)+3 means that since we have reached element with value 7 and address 3024, now see/move to the 3rd element after the element with value 7 and address 3024 (where we are right now). So, we move past/see-through elements with values 8 and 9, with addresses 3028 and 3032 respectively, and reach/land on the element with value 10 and address

=3000+36=3036

(refer the 2D array visualisation that WE see, the first one)

---

---

For your second code:

 printf("\n%u, %u, %u", x,&x,*x);

I go with @ n. 'pronouns' m. answer.