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如何从 Python 中的 NIC(网络接口控制器)获取 IP 地址?

[英]How can I get the IP address from a NIC (network interface controller) in Python?

当 Unix 上的 Python 脚本发生错误时,将发送 email。

如果 IP 地址是测试服务器 192.168.100.37,我被要求将 {Testing Environment} 添加到 email 的主题行。 这样我们就可以拥有一个脚本版本和一种方法来判断 email 是否来自测试服务器上的混乱数据。

然而,当我用谷歌搜索时,我一直在寻找这段代码:

import socket
socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())

但是,这给了我 127.0.1.1 的 IP 地址。 当我使用ifconfig我得到这个

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:1c:c4:2c:c8:3e
          inet addr:192.168.100.37  Bcast:192.168.100.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:75760697 errors:0 dropped:411180 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:23166399 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:59525958247 (59.5 GB)  TX bytes:10142130096 (10.1 GB)
          Interrupt:19 Memory:f0500000-f0520000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:25573544 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:25573544 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:44531490070 (44.5 GB)  TX bytes:44531490070 (44.5 GB)

首先,我不知道它从哪里得到 127.0.1.1,但无论哪种方式,这都不是我想要的。 当我用谷歌搜索时,我一直使用相同的语法, Bash脚本或 netifaces,我正在尝试使用标准库。

那么如何获取Python中eth0的IP地址呢?

两种方法:

方法#1(使用外部包)

您需要询问绑定到eth0接口的 IP 地址。 这可以从netifaces 包中获得

import netifaces as ni
ni.ifaddresses('eth0')
ip = ni.ifaddresses('eth0')[ni.AF_INET][0]['addr']
print(ip)  # should print "192.168.100.37"

您还可以通过以下方式获取所有可用接口的列表

ni.interfaces()

方法#2(无外部包)

这是一种无需使用python包即可获取IP地址的方法:

import socket
import fcntl
import struct

def get_ip_address(ifname):
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    return socket.inet_ntoa(fcntl.ioctl(
        s.fileno(),
        0x8915,  # SIOCGIFADDR
        struct.pack('256s', ifname[:15])
    )[20:24])

get_ip_address('eth0')  # '192.168.0.110'

注意:通过检测 IP 地址来确定您正在使用的环境是一个非常棘手的问题。 几乎所有框架都提供了一种非常简单的方法来设置/修改环境变量以指示当前环境。 尝试查看您的文档。 它应该像做一样简单

if app.config['ENV'] == 'production':
  #send production email
else:
  #send development email

或者,如果您想获取用于连接到网络的任何接口的 IP 地址而不必知道其名称,您可以使用以下命令:

import socket
def get_ip_address():
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
    s.connect(("8.8.8.8", 80))
    return s.getsockname()[0]

我知道这与您的问题略有不同,但其他人可能会到达这里并发现这个问题更有用。 您不必有到 8.8.8.8 的路由来使用它。 它所做的只是打开一个套接字,但不发送任何数据。

返回带有接口 ip 地址的字符串的简单方法是:

from subprocess import check_output

ips = check_output(['hostname', '--all-ip-addresses'])

有关更多信息,请参阅主机名

由于大多数答案使用ifconfig从 eth0 接口提取 IPv4,该接口已被弃用而支持ip addr ,因此可以使用以下代码:

import os

ipv4 = os.popen('ip addr show eth0 | grep "\<inet\>" | awk \'{ print $2 }\' | awk -F "/" \'{ print $1 }\'').read().strip()
ipv6 = os.popen('ip addr show eth0 | grep "\<inet6\>" | awk \'{ print $2 }\' | awk -F "/" \'{ print $1 }\'').read().strip()

或者,您可以使用split()而不是 grep 和 awk 将部分解析任务转移到 python 解释器,正如@serg 在评论中指出的那样:

import os

ipv4 = os.popen('ip addr show eth0').read().split("inet ")[1].split("/")[0]
ipv6 = os.popen('ip addr show eth0').read().split("inet6 ")[1].split("/")[0]

但是在这种情况下,您必须检查每个split()调用返回的数组的边界。


使用正则表达式的另一个版本:

import os
import re

ipv4 = re.search(re.compile(r'(?<=inet )(.*)(?=\/)', re.M), os.popen('ip addr show eth0').read()).groups()[0]
ipv6 = re.search(re.compile(r'(?<=inet6 )(.*)(?=\/)', re.M), os.popen('ip addr show eth0').read()).groups()[0]

如果您只需要在 Unix 上工作,您可以使用系统调用(参考 Stack Overflow question Parse ifconfig to get only my IP address using Bash ):

import os
f = os.popen('ifconfig eth0 | grep "inet\ addr" | cut -d: -f2 | cut -d" " -f1')
your_ip=f.read()

以@jeremyjjbrown 的答案为基础,这是另一个版本,如对他的答案的评论中所述,会自行清理。 此版本还允许提供不同的服务器地址以用于私有内部网络等。

import socket

def get_my_ip_address(remote_server="google.com"):
    """
    Return the/a network-facing IP number for this system.
    """
    with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) as s: 
        s.connect((remote_server, 80))
        return s.getsockname()[0]

试试下面的代码,它在 Mac10.10.2 中对我有用:

import subprocess

if __name__ == "__main__":
    result = subprocess.check_output('ifconfig en0 |grep -w inet', shell=True) # you may need to use eth0 instead of en0 here!!!
    print 'output = %s' % result.strip()
    # result = None
    ip = ''
    if result:
        strs = result.split('\n')
        for line in strs:
            # remove \t, space...
            line = line.strip()
            if line.startswith('inet '):
                a = line.find(' ')
                ipStart = a+1
                ipEnd = line.find(' ', ipStart)
                if a != -1 and ipEnd != -1:
                    ip = line[ipStart:ipEnd]
                    break
    print 'ip = %s' % ip

使用 Python 从 NIC 获取 IP 地址的另一种方法。

我把它作为我很久以前开发的应用程序的一部分,我不想简单地git rm script.py 所以,在这里我提供了一种方法,为了功能方法和更少的代码行,使用subprocess和列表subprocess

import subprocess as sp

__version__ = "v1.0"                                                            
__author__ = "@ivanleoncz"

def get_nic_ipv4(nic):                                                          
    """
        Get IP address from a NIC.                                              

        Parameter
        ---------
        nic : str
            Network Interface Card used for the query.                          

        Returns                                                                 
        -------                                                                 
        ipaddr : str
            Ipaddress from the NIC provided as parameter.                       
    """                                                                         
    result = None                                                               
    try:                                                                        
        result = sp.check_output(["ip", "-4", "addr", "show", nic],             
                                                  stderr=sp.STDOUT)
    except Exception:
        return "Unkown NIC: %s" % nic
    result = result.decode().splitlines()
    ipaddr = [l.split()[1].split('/')[0] for l in result if "inet" in l]        
    return ipaddr[0]

此外,您可以使用类似的方法来获取 NIC 列表:

def get_nics():                                                                 
    """                                                                         
        Get all NICs from the Operating System.                                 

        Returns                                                                 
        -------                                                                 
        nics : list                                                             
            All Network Interface Cards.                                        
    """                                                                         
    result = sp.check_output(["ip", "addr", "show"])                            
    result = result.decode().splitlines()                                       
    nics = [l.split()[1].strip(':') for l in result if l[0].isdigit()]          
    return nics                                                

这是作为Gist的解决方案。

你会有这样的事情:

$ python3
Python 3.6.7 (default, Oct 22 2018, 11:32:17) 
[GCC 8.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 
>>> 
>>> import helpers
>>> 
>>> helpers.get_nics()
['lo', 'enp1s0', 'wlp2s0', 'docker0']
>>> helpers.get_nic_ipv4('docker0')
'172.17.0.1'
>>> helpers.get_nic_ipv4('docker2')
'Unkown NIC: docker2'

这将收集主机上的所有 IP 并过滤掉环回/本地链路和 IPv6。 这也可以编辑为仅允许 IPv6,或同时允许 IPv4 和 IPv6,以及允许 IP 列表中的环回/链路本地。

from socket import getaddrinfo, gethostname
import ipaddress

def get_ip(ip_addr_proto="ipv4", ignore_local_ips=True):
    # By default, this method only returns non-local IPv4 Addresses
    # To return IPv6 only, call get_ip('ipv6')
    # To return both IPv4 and IPv6, call get_ip('both')
    # To return local IPs, call get_ip(None, False)
    # Can combime options like so get_ip('both', False)

    af_inet = 2
    if ip_addr_proto == "ipv6":
        af_inet = 30
    elif ip_addr_proto == "both":
        af_inet = 0

    system_ip_list = getaddrinfo(gethostname(), None, af_inet, 1, 0)
    ip_list = []

    for ip in system_ip_list:
        ip = ip[4][0]

        try:
            ipaddress.ip_address(str(ip))
            ip_address_valid = True
        except ValueError:
            ip_address_valid = False
        else:
            if ipaddress.ip_address(ip).is_loopback and ignore_local_ips or ipaddress.ip_address(ip).is_link_local and ignore_local_ips:
                pass
            elif ip_address_valid:
                ip_list.append(ip)

    return ip_list

print(f"Your IP Address is: {get_ip()}")

返回您的 IP 地址是:['192.168.1.118']

如果我运行 get_ip('both', False),它返回

您的 IP 地址是:['::1', 'fe80::1', '127.0.0.1', '192.168.1.118', 'fe80::cb9:d2dd:a505:423a']

它对我有用

 import subprocess
 my_ip = subprocess.Popen(['ifconfig eth0 | awk "/inet /" | cut -d":" -f 2 | cut -d" " -f1'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
 (IP,errors) = my_ip.communicate()
 my_ip.stdout.close()
 print IP

在正在运行的 ifconfig 中找到第一个 eth/wlan 条目的 IP 地址:

import itertools
import os
import re

def get_ip():
    f = os.popen('ifconfig')
    for iface in [' '.join(i) for i in iter(lambda: list(itertools.takewhile(lambda l: not l.isspace(),f)), [])]:
        if re.findall('^(eth|wlan)[0-9]',iface) and re.findall('RUNNING',iface):
            ip = re.findall('(?<=inet\saddr:)[0-9\.]+',iface)
            if ip:
                return ip[0]
    return False

这是 ifconfig 的结果:

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.2.24  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.2.255
        inet6 fe80::88e9:4d2:c057:2d5f  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether b8:27:eb:d0:9a:f3  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 261861  bytes 250818555 (239.1 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 6  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 299436  bytes 280053853 (267.0 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 74  bytes 16073 (15.6 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 74  bytes 16073 (15.6 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

wlan0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether b8:27:eb:85:cf:a6  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ 

减少一点输出,我们有:

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ 
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ifconfig eth0 | grep "inet 192" | cut -c 14-25
192.168.2.24
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ 
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ 

现在,我们可以转到 python 并执行以下操作:

import os
mine = os.popen('ifconfig eth0 | grep "inet 192" | cut -c 14-25')
myip = mine.read()
print (myip)

如果你想用硬(但可能很快?)的方式来做,这里有一些粗略的 netlink (rfc3549) 代码(可能仅限于 linux),它同时获取 ipv4 和 ipv6,只有一个来自标准库的导入语句:

    import socket
    # https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/rtnetlink.7.html
    # https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/uapi/linux/rtnetlink.h
    RTM_NEWADDR = 20
    RTM_GETADDR = 22
    # https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/netlink.7.html
    # https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/uapi/linux/netlink.h
    NLM_F_REQUEST = 0x01
    NLM_F_ROOT = 0x100
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_NETLINK, socket.SOCK_RAW)
    req = (
        # nlmsghdr
        int.to_bytes(0, 4, 'little', signed=False) +  # nlmsg_len
        int.to_bytes(RTM_GETADDR, 2, 'little', signed=False) +  # nlmsg_type
        int.to_bytes(NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ROOT, 2, 'little', signed=False) +  # nlmsg_flags
        int.to_bytes(0, 2, 'little', signed=False) +  # nlmsg_seq
        int.to_bytes(0, 2, 'little', signed=False) +  # nlmsg_pid
        # ifinfomsg
        b'\0' * 8
    )
    req = int.to_bytes(len(req), 4, 'little') + req[4:]
    s.sendall(req)
    full_resp = s.recv(4096)
    while full_resp:
        resp = full_resp
        # nlmsghdr
        nlmsg_len = int.from_bytes(resp[0:4], 'little', signed=False)
        nlmsg_type = int.from_bytes(resp[4:6], 'little', signed=False)
        assert not nlmsg_len % 4, nlmsg_len
        resp = resp[16:nlmsg_len]
        full_resp = full_resp[nlmsg_len:]
        if nlmsg_type == 3:  # NLMSG_DONE
            assert not full_resp, full_resp
            break
        if not full_resp:
            full_resp = s.recv(4096)
        assert nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR, (nlmsg_type, resp[:32])
        # ifaddrmsg
        ifa_family = int.from_bytes(resp[0:1], 'little', signed=False)
        ifa_index = int.from_bytes(resp[4:8], 'little', signed=False)
        resp = resp[8:]
        while resp:
            # rtattr
            rta_len = int.from_bytes(resp[0:2], 'little', signed=False)
            rta_type = int.from_bytes(resp[2:4], 'little', signed=False)
            data = resp[4:rta_len]
            if rta_type == 1:  # IFLA_ADDRESS
                if ifa_family == socket.AF_INET:
                    ip = '.'.join('%d' % c for c in data)
                if ifa_family == socket.AF_INET6:
                    ip = ':'.join(('%02x%02x' % (chunk[0], chunk[1]) if chunk != b'\0\0' else '') for chunk in [data[0:2], data[2:4], data[4:6], data[6:8], data[8:10], data[10:12], data[12:14], data[14:16]])
                print('interface #%s has %s' % (ifa_index, ip))
            if rta_type == 3:  # IFLA_IFNAME
                ifname = data.rstrip(b'\0').decode()
                print('interface #%s is named %s' % (ifa_index, ifname))
            # need to round up to multiple of 4
            if rta_len % 4:
                rta_len += 4 - rta_len % 4
            resp = resp[rta_len:]
    s.close()

如果您只需要 ipv4,另一个答案中的 oldschool SIOCGIFADDR ioctl方法可能更简单。 对于 ipv6,有/proc/net/if_inet6

使用psutil回答:

import psutil
import socket

def get_ipv4_from_nic(interface):
    interface_addrs = psutil.net_if_addrs().get(interface) or []
    for snicaddr in interface_addrs:
        if snicaddr.family == socket.AF_INET:
            return snicaddr.addressinterface_addrs]

例子:

>>> get_ipv4_from_nic("eth0")
'192.168.100.37'

尝试这个:

将 netifaces 导入为 ni

def test_netowrk(): interfaces = ni.interfaces()

for i in interfaces: #will cycle through all available interfaces and check each one. you can use anything for "i". its almost like saying import netifaces as ni. but i doesn't need to be declared, the systems assumes that for (what you put here) in interfaces means what you put there should resemble each of the results returned are represented by i.
    if i != "lo": #lo is the local loopback. This will remove lo from the interfaces it checks.
        try:
            ni.ifaddresses(i)
            gws = ni.gateways()
            gateway = gws['default'][ni.AF_INET][0]
            ip = ni.ifaddresses(i)[ni.AF_INET][0]['addr']
            sm = ni.ifaddresses(i)[ni.AF_INET][0]['netmask']
            print ("Network information for " + i + ":")
            print ("IP: " + ip)
            print ("Subnet Mask: " + sm)
            print ("Gateway: " + gateway)
            print ()
        except: #this is good to have in case you have a disconnected wifi or trying to test a network with no DHCP
            print (i + " is not connected or DHCP is not available. Try setting a static IP.")

测试网络()

结果:

eth0 的网络信息:

IP:192.168.1.172

子网掩码:255.255.255.0

网关:192.168.1.254

wlan0 未连接或 DHCP 不可用。

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