numpy.ndarray對象無法用蠻力調用

Question

我正在遵循《 Python for Finance》一書中的代碼，並嘗試優化功能，但是在遵循代碼時遇到錯誤。

TypeError：“ numpy.ndarray”對象不可調用

關於此錯誤的其他論壇似乎不適用。

請讓我知道我要去哪里了。

碼：

# import libraries
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import numpy as np
import scipy.optimize as spo
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

# define function
def fm(x, y):
    return ( np.sin(x) + 0.05*x**2 + np.sin(y) + 0.05*y**2 )

# construct range vectors    
x = np.linspace(-10, 10, 50)
y = np.linspace(-10, 10, 50)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
Z = fm(X, Y)

# plot surface
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9, 6))
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=2, cstride=2,cmap=mpl.cm.coolwarm,linewidth=0.5, antialiased=True)
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_zlabel('f(x, y)')
fig.colorbar(surf, shrink=0.5, aspect=5)

# define function for optimisation
def fo(x, y):
    z = np.sin(x) + 0.05*x**2 + np.sin(y) + 0.05*y**2
    if output == True:
        print(x, y, z)
    return z

# print each iteration?
output = True
rranges = (slice(-10, 10.1, 5), slice(-10, 10.1, 5))
params = (x,y)
# optimise
spo.brute(fo(x,y), ((-10, 10.1, 5),(-10, 10.1, 5)), finish=None)

錯誤：

追溯（最近一次通話）：

  File "<ipython-input-1-76b5e42b4ae6>", line 1, in <module>
    runfile('C:/Users/Chris/Dropbox/Chris Personal/Learning Python Resources/Python for Finance/Chapter 9/trial_convex_optimisation.py', wdir='C:/Users/Chris/Dropbox/Chris Personal/Learning Python Resources/Python for Finance/Chapter 9')

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyderlib\widgets\externalshell\sitecustomize.py", line 699, in runfile
    execfile(filename, namespace)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyderlib\widgets\externalshell\sitecustomize.py", line 88, in execfile
    exec(compile(open(filename, 'rb').read(), filename, 'exec'), namespace)

  File "C:/Users/Chris/Dropbox/Chris Personal/Learning Python Resources/Python for Finance/Chapter 9/trial_convex_optimisation.py", line 46, in <module>
    spo.brute(fo(x,y), [(-10, 10.1, 5),(-10, 10.1, 5)], finish=None)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\optimize.py", line 2604, in brute
    Jout = vecfunc(*grid)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numpy\lib\function_base.py", line 1811, in __call__
    return self._vectorize_call(func=func, args=vargs)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numpy\lib\function_base.py", line 1874, in _vectorize_call
    ufunc, otypes = self._get_ufunc_and_otypes(func=func, args=args)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\numpy\lib\function_base.py", line 1836, in _get_ufunc_and_otypes
    outputs = func(*inputs)

  File "C:\Users\Chris\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\scipy\optimize\optimize.py", line 2598, in _scalarfunc
    return func(params, *args)

TypeError: 'numpy.ndarray' object is not callable

Answer 1

您對scipy.optimize.brute函數的調用是錯誤的。 您必須使用fo函數和rranges進行調用，定義如下：

def fo(xy):
    x, y = xy
    z = np.sin(x) + 0.05*x**2 + np.sin(y) + 0.05*y**2
    if output == True:
        print(x, y, z)
    return z

rranges = (slice(-10, 10.1, 5), slice(-10, 10.1, 5))

spo.brute(fo, rranges, finish=None)