如何在R中重复1000次这种随机游走模拟？

Question

I'm simulating a one-dimensional and symmetric random walk procedure:

y[t] = y[t-1] + epsilon[t]

where white noise is denoted by epsilon[t] ~ N(0,1) in time period t . There is no drift in this procedure.

Also, RW is symmetric, because Pr(y[i] = +1) = Pr(y[i] = -1) = 0.5 .

Here's my code in R:

set.seed(1)
t=1000
epsilon=sample(c(-1,1), t, replace = 1)

y<-c()
y[1]<-0
for (i in 2:t) {
  y[i]<-y[i-1]+epsilon[i]
}
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(1:t, y, type="l", main="Random walk")
outcomes <- sapply(1:1000, function(i) cumsum(y[i]))
hist(outcomes)

I would like to simulate 1000 different y[i,t] series ( i=1,...,1000; t=1,...,1000 ). (After that, I will check the probability of getting back to the origin ( y[1]=0 ) at t=3 , t=5 and t=10 .)

Which function would allow me to do this kind of repetition with y[t] random walk time-series?

Answer 1

Since y[t] = y[0] + sum epsilon[i] , where the sum is taken from i=1 to i=t , the sequence y[t] can be computed at once, using for instance R cumsum function. Repeating the series T=10³ times is then straightforward:

N=T=1e3
y=t(apply(matrix(sample(c(-1,1),N*T,rep=TRUE),ncol=T),1,cumsum))

since each row of y is then a simulated random walk series.