R: How to replace space (' ') in string with a *single* backslash and space ('\ ')

Question

I've searched many times, and haven't found the answer here or elsewhere. I want to replace each space ' ' in variables containing file names with a '\\ ' . (A use case could be for shell commands, with the spaces escaped, so each file name doesn't appear as a list of arguments.) I have looked through the StackOverflow question "how to replace single backslash in R" , and find that many combinations do work as advertised:

> gsub(" ", "\\\\", "a b")
[1] "a\\b"

> gsub(" ", "\\ ", "a b", fixed = TRUE)
[1] "a\\ b"

but try these with a single-slash version, and R ignores it:

> gsub(" ", "\\ ", "a b")
[1] "a b"

> gsub(" ", "\ ", "a b", fixed = TRUE)
[1] "a b"

For the case going in the opposite direction — removing slashes from a string, it works for two:

> gsub("\\\\", " ", "a\\b")
[1] "a b"

> gsub("\\", " ", "a\\b", fixed = TRUE)
[1] "a b"

However, for single slashes some inner perversity in R prevents me from even attempting to remove them:

> gsub("\\", " ", "a\\b")
Error in gsub("\\", " ", "a\\b") : 
  invalid regular expression '\', reason 'Trailing backslash'

> gsub("\", " ", "a\b", fixed = TRUE)
Error: unexpected string constant in "gsub("\", " ", ""

The 'invalid regular expression' is telling us something, but I don't see what. (Note too that the perl = True option does not help.)

Even with three back slashes R fails to notice even one:

> gsub(" ", "\\\ ", "a b")
[1] "a b"

The patter extends too! Even multiples of two work:

> gsub(" ", "\\\\\\\\", "a b")
[1] "a\\\\b"

but not odd multiples (should get '\\\\\\ ' :

> gsub(" ", "\\\\\\ ", "a b")
[1] "a\\ b"

> gsub(" ", "\\\ ", "a b", fixed = TRUE)
[1] "a\\ b"

(I would expect 3 slashes, not two.)

My two questions are:

• How can my goal of replacing a ' ' with a '\\ ' be accomplished?
• Why did the odd number-slash variants of the replacements fail, while the even number-slash replacements worked?

For shell commands a simple work-around is to quote the file names, but part of my interest is just wanting to understand what is going on with R's regex engine.

Answer 1

Get ready for a face-palm, because this:

> gsub(" ", "\\\ ", "a b", fixed = TRUE)
[1] "a\\ b"

is actually working.

The two backslashes you see are just the R console's way of displaying a single backslash, which is escaped when printed to the screen.

To confirm the replacement with a single backslash is indeed working, try writing the output to a text file and inspect yourself:

f <- file("C:\\output.txt")
writeLines(gsub(" ", "\\", "a b", fixed = TRUE), f)
close(f)

In output.txt you should see the following:

a\b

Answer 2

Very helpful discussion! (I've been Googling the heck out of this for 2 days.)

Another way to see the difference (rather than writing to a file) is to compare the contents of the string using print and cat .

z <- gsub(" ", "\\", "a b", fixed = TRUE)

> print(z)
[1] "a\\ b"

> cat(z)
a\ b

So, by using cat instead of print we can confirm that the gsub line is doing what was intended when we're trying to add single backslashes to a string.