Because Country.name
in the following code sample has unique=True
, and because two countries of the same name are created, I'm expecting that session.commit()
would fail.
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Country(Base):
__tablename__ = 'countries'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False, index=True)
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///countries_example.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Base.metadata.bind = engine
DBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = DBSession()
malta1 = Country(name='Malta')
malta2 = Country(name='Malta')
session.add(malta1)
session.add(malta2)
session.commit()
But the commit proceeds just fine. How do I detect that the unique constraint was breached?
When I run your code as written, it does fail:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "so4.py", line 26, in <module>
session.commit()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 906, in commit
self.transaction.commit()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 461, in commit
self._prepare_impl()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 441, in _prepare_impl
self.session.flush()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 2177, in flush
self._flush(objects)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 2297, in _flush
transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py", line 66, in __exit__
compat.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 187, in reraise
raise value
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py", line 2261, in _flush
flush_context.execute()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py", line 389, in execute
rec.execute(self)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py", line 548, in execute
uow
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py", line 181, in save_obj
mapper, table, insert)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py", line 835, in _emit_insert_statements
execute(statement, params)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 945, in execute
return meth(self, multiparams, params)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py", line 263, in _execute_on_connection
return connection._execute_clauseelement(self, multiparams, params)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1053, in _execute_clauseelement
compiled_sql, distilled_params
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1189, in _execute_context
context)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1402, in _handle_dbapi_exception
exc_info
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 203, in raise_from_cause
reraise(type(exception), exception, tb=exc_tb, cause=cause)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py", line 186, in reraise
raise value.with_traceback(tb)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py", line 1182, in _execute_context
context)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py", line 470, in do_execute
cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
sqlalchemy.exc.IntegrityError: (sqlite3.IntegrityError) UNIQUE constraint failed: countries.name [SQL: 'INSERT INTO countries (name) VALUES (?)'] [parameters: ('Malta',)]
The unique constraint is part of the table, not necessarily the model. When I run the database creation first without it, then run your code, I get no problems.
For a more complicated table, you would want to use a migration tool like alembic, but for this, you could go ahead and do it yourself (you can do it in one script, but I just do two to keep it simple, sorry if that's not pythonic:
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Country(Base):
__tablename__ = 'countries'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False, index=True)
class TempCountry(Base):
__tablename__ = 'temp_countries'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///countries_example.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Base.metadata.bind = engine
DBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = DBSession()
foreach country in session.query(Country).all():
if len(session.query(TempCountry).filter_by(name=country.name).all()) == 0:
temp_country = TempCountry(id=country.id, name=country.name)
session.add(temp_country)
session.commit()
Country.__table__.drop(engine)
session.commit()
followed by
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class Country(Base):
__tablename__ = 'countries'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False, index=True)
class TempCountry(Base):
__tablename__ = 'temp_countries'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
name = Column(String(64), nullable=False, index=True)
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///countries_example.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Base.metadata.bind = engine
DBSession = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = DBSession()
foreach temp_country in session.query(TempCountry).all():
country = Country(id=country.id, name=country.name)
session.add(country)
session.commit()
TempCountry.__table__.drop(engine)
session.commit()
You don't have to pass the id, but you can if you need to keep it for whatever reason. Also, remember to commit before dropping the table or it won't work quite right.
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