Using decorators in classes python3

Question

Please help to understand how to correctly use decorators in classes. For example, I want to check variables before executing the class, and if it's exist run class with this variable. How to do this?

My not working example :

import os,sys
import requests


def checkCredentials(function):
  KEY = os.environ['KEY']
  if KEY:
    print("exist")
    return KEY
  else:
    print("nope")
    sys.exit(0)


@checkCredentials
class StartUp(object):

  def __init__(self, argument1):
    self.argument1 = argument1

  def printstr(self):
    print(self.argument1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
  start = StartUp()

My error :

python3.6 ./main.py 
exist
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./main.py", line 26, in <module>
    start = StartUp()
TypeError: 'str' object is not callable

Answer 1

You should read up some more on decorators, maybe check PEP 3129 or PEP 318 . The following example from the former PEP illustrates the semantics of class decorators:

# Solution 1: Without class decorators
class A:
  pass
A = foo(bar(A))

# Solution 2: With class decorators
@foo
@bar
class A:
  pass

The two solutions produce identical results. In Solution 1 the functions foo and bar are called explicitly to modify the initial class A and produce a modified variant. By using decorators, the same effect can be achieved much more clearly: this is Solution 2 .

Let's apply this to your code example. Your final line of code is

start = StartUp()

which translates to

start = checkCredentials(StartUp)()

However, checkCredentials either returns nothing or a str , hence the TypeError . I am not sure what exactly you want to achieve with the decorator. If all you want is a test for the presence of the specific environment variable, the following decorator might produce the desired effect:

def checkCredentials(cls):
  KEY = os.environ['KEY']
  if KEY:
    print("exist")
    return cls
  else:
    print("nope")
    sys.exit(0)

Note that this returns the original class from the decorator iff the environment variable is set (happy code-path) and terminates execution otherwise (hence there's no need to return anything form the decorator).