Are there any examples where we *need* protected inheritance in C++?

Question

While I've seen rare cases where private inheritance was needed, I've never encountered a case where protected inheritance is needed. Does someone have an example?

Answer 1

People here seem to mistake Protected class inheritance and Protected methods.

FWIW, I've never seen anyone use protected class inheritance, and if I remember correctly I think Stroustrup even considered the "protected" level to be a mistake in c++. There's precious little you cannot do if you remove that protection level and only rely on public and private.

Answer 2

There is a very rare use case of protected inheritance. It is where you want to make use of covariance :

struct base { 
    virtual ~base() {} 
    virtual base & getBase() = 0;
}; 

struct d1 : private /* protected */ base { 
    virtual base & getBase() { 
        return this; 
    } 
}; 

struct d2 : private /* protected */ d1 {
    virtual d1 & getBase () { 
        return this; 
    } 
}; 

The previous snippet tried to hide it's base class, and provide controlled visibility of bases and their functions, for whatever reason, by providing a "getBase" function.

However, it will fail in struct d2 , since d2 does not know that d1 is derived from base . Thus, covariance will not work. A way out of this is deriving them protected, so that the inheritance is visible in d2.

A similar example of using this is when you derive from std::ostream , but don't want random people to write into your stream. You can provide a virtual getStream function that returns std::ostream& . That function could do some preparing of the stream for the next operation. For example putting certain manipulators in.

std::ostream& d2::getStream() {
    this->width(10);
    return *this;
}

logger.getStream() << "we are padded";

Answer 3

C++ FAQ Lite mentions of a case where using private inheritance is a legitimate solution (See [24.3.] Which should I prefer: composition or private inheritance? ). It's when you want to call the derived class from within a private base class through a virtual function (in this case derivedFunction() ):

class SomeImplementationClass
{
protected:
    void service() {
        derivedFunction();
    }

    virtual void derivedFunction() = 0;      

    // virtual destructor etc
};

class Derived : private SomeImplementationClass
{
    void someFunction() {
        service();
    }

    virtual void derivedFunction() {
        // ...
    }

    // ...
};

Now if you want to derive from the class Derived, and you want to use Base::service() from within the derived class (say you want to move Derived::someFunction() to the derived class), the easiest way to accomplish this is to change the private inheritance of Base to protected inheritance.

Sorry, can't think of a more concrete example. Personally I like to make all inheritance public so as to avoid wasting time with "should I make inheritance relation protected or private" discussions.