如何為回歸和分類制作多輸出 Tensorflow 2 自定義訓練循環？

Question

我用 Iris 數據集做了一個可重現的例子。 我制作了一個完整的神經網絡來預測 Iris 特征的最后一列。 我也想輸出目標（類別）。 因此，網絡必須最小化兩個不同的損失函數（連續的和分類的）。 在下一個示例中為連續目標設置了全部。 但是，如何將其變成多輸出問題？

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras import Model
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float64')
iris, target = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

X = iris[:, :3]
y = iris[:, 3]
z = target

ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X, y, z)).batch(8)

class MyModel(Model):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModel, self).__init__()
        self.d0 = Dense(16, activation='relu')
        self.d1 = Dense(32, activation='relu')
        self.d2 = Dense(1)

    def call(self, x):
        x = self.d0(x)
        x = self.d1(x)
        x = self.d2(x)
        return x

model = MyModel()

loss_object = tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError()
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-4)

loss = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='categorical loss')
error = tf.keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()

@tf.function
def train_step(inputs, target):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        output = model(inputs)
        run_loss = loss_object(target, output)

    gradients = tape.gradient(run_loss, model.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

    loss(run_loss)
    error(target, output)


for epoch in range(50):
    for xx, yy, zz in ds: # what to do with zz, the categorical target?
        train_step(xx, yy)

    template = 'Epoch {:>2}, MAE: {:>5.2f}'
    print(template.format(epoch+1,
                        loss.result()))

    loss.reset_states()
    error.reset_states()

Answer 1

您可以執行以下操作。 我希望你只需要一個多輸出網絡。 在這里，我正在創建一個如下所示的模型。 但即使您需要兩個單獨的模型，您也應該能夠輕松移植它。

              x
              | Dense(16)
              x
              | Dense(32)
              x
  Dense(1)   / \ Dense(4, softmax)
            /   \
  (cont)  y_1   y_2  (categorical)

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras import Model
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
import tensorflow.keras.backend as K
tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float64')
import numpy as np

iris, target = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

K.clear_session()
X = iris[:, :3]
y = iris[:, 3]
z = target
ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X, y, z)).shuffle(buffer_size=150).batch(32)

class MyModel(Model):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModel, self).__init__()
        self.d0 = Dense(16, activation='relu')
        self.d1 = Dense(32, activation='relu')
        self.d2_1 = Dense(1)
        self.d2_2 = Dense(4, activation='softmax')

    def call(self, x):
        x = self.d0(x)
        x = self.d1(x)
        y_1 = self.d2_1(x)
        y_2 = self.d2_2(x)
        return y_1, y_2

model = MyModel()

loss_objects = [tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError(), tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()]
optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-3)

acc = tf.keras.metrics.Accuracy(name='categorical loss')
loss = tf.keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()
#error = tf.keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()

@tf.function
def train_step(inputs, targets):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        outputs = model(inputs)
        losses = [l(t, o) for l,o,t in zip(loss_objects, outputs, targets)]

    gradients = tape.gradient(losses, model.trainable_variables)
    #print(gradients)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))
    #optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients[1], model.trainable_variables))
    return outputs


for epoch in range(50):
    for xx, yy, zz in ds: # what to do with zz, the categorical target?

        outs = train_step(xx, [yy,zz])

        res1 = acc.update_state(zz, np.argmax(outs[1], axis=1))
        res2 = loss.update_state(yy, outs[0])

    template = 'Epoch {:>2}, Accuracy: {:>5.2f}, MAE: {:>5.2f}'
    print(template.format(epoch+1, acc.result(), loss.result()))

    acc.reset_states()
    loss.reset_states()

Answer 2

您可以將損失列表傳遞給tape.gradient ，如下所示：

with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        pred_reg, pred_cat = model(inputs)
        reg_loss = loss_obj_reg(y_reg, pred_reg)
        cat_loss = loss_obj_cat(y_cat, pred_cat)

    gradients = tape.gradient([reg_loss, cat_loss], model.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

完整示例：

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras import Model
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
iris, target = load_iris(return_X_y=True)

X = tf.cast(iris[:, :3], tf.float32)
y = tf.cast(iris[:, 3], tf.float32)
z = target

ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((X, y, z)).shuffle(150).batch(8)

class MyModel(Model):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModel, self).__init__()
        self.d0 = Dense(16, activation='relu')
        self.d1 = Dense(32, activation='relu')
        self.d2 = Dense(1)
        self.d3 = Dense(3, activation='softmax')

    def call(self, x, training=None, **kwargs):
        x = self.d0(x)
        x = self.d1(x)
        a = self.d2(x)
        b = self.d3(x)
        return a, b

model = MyModel()

loss_obj_reg = tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError()
loss_obj_cat = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-4)

loss_reg = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='regression loss')
loss_cat = tf.keras.metrics.Mean(name='categorical loss')

error_reg = tf.keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()
error_cat = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy()

@tf.function
def train_step(inputs, y_reg, y_cat):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        pred_reg, pred_cat = model(inputs)
        reg_loss = loss_obj_reg(y_reg, pred_reg)
        cat_loss = loss_obj_cat(y_cat, pred_cat)

    gradients = tape.gradient([reg_loss, cat_loss], model.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))
    loss_reg(reg_loss)
    loss_cat(cat_loss)

    error_reg(y_reg, pred_reg)
    error_cat(y_cat, pred_cat)

template = 'Epoch {:>3}, SCCE: {:>5.2f},' \
               ' MAE: {:>4.2f}, SAcc: {:>5.1%}'

for epoch in range(150):
    for xx, yy, zz in ds:
        train_step(xx, yy, zz)

    if (epoch + 1) % 10 == 0:

        print(template.format(epoch+1,
                            loss_cat.result(),
                            error_reg.result(),
                            error_cat.result()))

    loss_reg.reset_states()
    loss_cat.reset_states()

    error_reg.reset_states()
    error_cat.reset_states()

Epoch  10, SCCE:  1.41, MAE: 0.36, SAcc: 33.3%
Epoch  20, SCCE:  1.14, MAE: 0.31, SAcc: 44.0%
Epoch  30, SCCE:  1.05, MAE: 0.26, SAcc: 41.3%
Epoch  40, SCCE:  0.99, MAE: 0.21, SAcc: 40.0%
Epoch  50, SCCE:  0.94, MAE: 0.19, SAcc: 40.0%
Epoch  60, SCCE:  0.88, MAE: 0.18, SAcc: 40.0%
Epoch  70, SCCE:  0.83, MAE: 0.17, SAcc: 44.7%
Epoch  80, SCCE:  0.77, MAE: 0.17, SAcc: 75.3%
Epoch  90, SCCE:  0.70, MAE: 0.17, SAcc: 76.7%
Epoch 100, SCCE:  0.64, MAE: 0.17, SAcc: 82.7%
Epoch 110, SCCE:  0.58, MAE: 0.16, SAcc: 82.7%
Epoch 120, SCCE:  0.54, MAE: 0.16, SAcc: 88.0%
Epoch 130, SCCE:  0.50, MAE: 0.16, SAcc: 88.7%
Epoch 140, SCCE:  0.47, MAE: 0.16, SAcc: 90.7%
Epoch 150, SCCE:  0.45, MAE: 0.16, SAcc: 90.0%

通過這個輸出，您可以看到兩種損失都被最小化了。

Answer 3

為了解決多任務學習問題，引入了以下模塊。

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense
from tensorflow.keras import Model
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from tensorflow.keras.utils import to_categorical
import tensorflow.keras.backend as K
tf.keras.backend.set_floatx('float64')
import numpy as np

然后，我們定義一個多輸出網絡，如下所示：

                      x
                      | Dense(16)
                      x
                      | Dense(32)
                      x
          Dense(1)   / \ Dense(4, softmax)
                    /   \
 (continuous)  y_cont   y_cat  (categorical)

代碼如下所示：

class MyModel(Model):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModel, self).__init__()
        self.d0 = Dense(16, activation='relu')
        self.d1 = Dense(32, activation='relu')
        self.cont = Dense(1) # Continuous output
        self.cat = Dense(4, activation='softmax') # Categorical output

    def call(self, x):
        x = self.d0(x)
        x = self.d1(x)
        print(x.shape)
        y_cont = self.cont(x)
        y_cat = self.cat(x)
        return y_cont, y_cat

model = MyModel()

接下來，我們定義損失函數和優化器。 我們使用聯合訓練。 損失函數是連續變量的平均絕對誤差和類別變量的交叉熵之和。

cont_loss_func = tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError()
cat_loss_func = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()

def cont_cat_loss_func(real_cont, pred_cont, real_cat, pred_cat):
    return cat_loss_func(real_cat, pred_cat) + cont_loss_func(real_cont, pred_cont)

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=1e-4)

訓練步驟定義如下：

@tf.function
def train_step(inputs, target_cont, target_cat):
    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        #Forward pass
        output_cont, output_cat = model(inputs)
        #Compute the losses
        total_loss = cont_cat_loss_func(target_cont, output_cont, target_cat, output_cat)

    #Backpropagation
    gradients = tape.gradient(total_loss, model.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))
    return output_cont, output_cat

我們將網絡訓練 50 個 epoch，並且在訓練期間將顯示每個 epoch 的模型性能。

#Model performance
acc_res = tf.keras.metrics.Accuracy()
mae_res = tf.keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError()

for epoch in range(50):
    for xx, yy, zz in ds:
        out_cont, out_cat = train_step(xx, yy, zz)
        res1 = acc_res.update_state(zz, np.argmax(out_cat, axis=1))
        res2 = mae_res.update_state(yy, out_cont)

    template = 'Epoch {:>2}, Accuracy: {:>5.2f}, MAE: {:>5.2f}'
    print(template.format(epoch+1, acc_res.result(), mae_res.result()))

    acc_res.reset_states()
    mae_res.reset_states()

---

@thushv89 沒有使用聯合訓練（即對連續變量和分類變量的損失求和），而是使用不同的方法來計算網絡的損失。 但我不太明白它是如何工作的。

loss_objects = [tf.keras.losses.MeanAbsoluteError(), tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()]

losses = [l(t, o) for l,o,t in zip(loss_objects, outputs, targets)]