What type are file objects in Python?

Question

如何使用isinstance确定文件对象的“类型”，例如在表达式中：

>>> open(file)

Answer 1

In Python 2.x, all file objects are of type file :

>>> type(open('file.txt'))
<type 'file'>

>>> isinstance(open('file.txt'), file)
True

In Python 3.x however, normal file objects are of type io.TextIOWrapper :

>>> type(open('file.txt'))
<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'>

>>> from io import TextIOWrapper
>>> isinstance(open('file.txt'), TextIOWrapper)
True

Answer 2

As stated in the documentation for open :

Open a file, returning an object of the file type described in section File Objects .

Thus, open returns a file , and you should use isinstance(foo, file)

Answer 3

Its type is file . You can tell by the output of type(open("file","w"))

Answer 4

This answer builds upon the previous answer by user2555451 and its comments. The short answer is to pick your preference from the IO class hierarchy .

For text files , io.TextIOBase can be acceptable:

>>> import io

>>> type(f := open('/tmp/foo', 'w'))
<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'>
>>> isinstance(f, io.TextIOBase)
True

>>> f.__class__.__bases__
(<class '_io._TextIOBase'>,)
>>> f.__class__.__mro__
(<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'>, <class '_io._TextIOBase'>, <class '_io._IOBase'>, <class 'object'>)

For text files, avoid io.TextIOWrapper because it does not also work for io.StringIO :

>>> isinstance(io.StringIO('foo'), io.TextIOWrapper)
False
>>> isinstance(io.StringIO('foo'), io.TextIOBase)
True

For binary files , io.BufferedIOBase can be acceptable:

>>> import io

>>> type(f := open('/tmp/foo', 'wb'))
<class '_io.BufferedWriter'>
>>> isinstance(f, io.BufferedIOBase)
True

>>> f.__class__.__bases__
(<class '_io._BufferedIOBase'>,)
>>> f.__class__.__mro__
(<class '_io.BufferedWriter'>, <class '_io._BufferedIOBase'>, <class '_io._IOBase'>, <class 'object'>)

For binary files, avoid io.BufferedReader or io.BufferedWriter because they do not also work for io.BytesIO :

>>> isinstance(io.BytesIO(b'foo'), io.BufferedReader)
False
>>> isinstance(io.BytesIO(b'foo'), io.BufferedWriter)
False
>>> isinstance(io.BytesIO(b'foo'), io.BufferedIOBase)
True

To support both text and binary files , io.IOBase is acceptable:

>>> import io

>>> isinstance(open('/tmp/foo', 'w'), io.IOBase)
True
>>> isinstance(open('/tmp/foo', 'wb'), io.IOBase)
True