Zero-cost abstractions: performance of for-loop vs. iterators

Question

Reading the Zero-cost abstractions and looking at Introduction to rust: a low-level language with high-level abstractions I tried to compare two approaches to computing the dot product of a vector: one using a for loop and one using iterators.

#![feature(test)]

extern crate rand;
extern crate test;

use std::cmp::min;

fn dot_product_1(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    let mut result: f64 = 0.0;
    for i in 0..min(x.len(), y.len()) {
        result += x[i] * y[i];
    }
    return result;
}

fn dot_product_2(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    x.iter().zip(y).map(|(&a, &b)| a * b).sum::<f64>()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod bench {
    use test::Bencher;
    use rand::{Rng,thread_rng};
    use super::*;

    const LEN: usize = 30;

    #[test]
    fn test_1() {
        let x = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
        let y = [2.0, 4.0, 6.0];
        let result = dot_product_1(&x, &y);
        assert_eq!(result, 28.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_2() {
        let x = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
        let y = [2.0, 4.0, 6.0];
        let result = dot_product_2(&x, &y);
        assert_eq!(result, 28.0);
    }

    fn rand_array(cnt: u32) -> Vec<f64> {
        let mut rng = thread_rng();
        (0..cnt).map(|_| rng.gen::<f64>()).collect()

    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_small_1(b: &mut Bencher) {
        let samples = rand_array(2*LEN as u32);
        b.iter(|| {
            dot_product_1(&samples[0..LEN], &samples[LEN..2*LEN])
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_small_2(b: &mut Bencher) {
        let samples = rand_array(2*LEN as u32);
        b.iter(|| {
            dot_product_2(&samples[0..LEN], &samples[LEN..2*LEN])
        })
    }
}

The later of the links above claims that the version with the iterators should have similar performance "and actually be a little bit faster". However, when benchmarking the two, I get very different results:

running 2 tests
test bench::bench_small_loop ... bench:          20 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test bench::bench_small_iter ... bench:          24 ns/iter (+/- 2)

test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 2 measured; 0 filtered out

So, where did the "zero-cost abstraction" go?

Update: Adding the foldr example provided by @wimh and using split_at instead of slices give the following result.

running 3 tests
test bench::bench_small_fold ... bench:          18 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test bench::bench_small_iter ... bench:          21 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test bench::bench_small_loop ... bench:          24 ns/iter (+/- 1)

test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 3 measured; 0 filtered out

So it seems that the additional time comes directly or indirectly from constructing the slices inside the measured code. To check that it indeed was the case, I tried the following two approaches with the same result (here shown for foldr case and using map + sum ):

#[bench]
fn bench_small_iter(b: &mut Bencher) {
    let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN);
    let s0 = &samples[0..LEN];
    let s1 = &samples[LEN..2 * LEN];
    b.iter(|| dot_product_iter(s0, s1))
}

#[bench]
fn bench_small_fold(b: &mut Bencher) {
    let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN);
    let (s0, s1) = samples.split_at(LEN);
    b.iter(|| dot_product_fold(s0, s1))
}

Answer 1

It seems zero cost to me. I wrote your code slightly more idiomatically, using the same random values for both tests, and then tested multiple times:

fn dot_product_1(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    let mut result: f64 = 0.0;
    for i in 0..min(x.len(), y.len()) {
        result += x[i] * y[i];
    }
    result
}

fn dot_product_2(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    x.iter().zip(y).map(|(&a, &b)| a * b).sum()
}

fn rand_array(cnt: usize) -> Vec<f64> {
    let mut rng = rand::rngs::StdRng::seed_from_u64(42);
    rng.sample_iter(&rand::distributions::Standard).take(cnt).collect()
}

#[bench]
fn bench_small_1(b: &mut Bencher) {
    let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN);
    let (s0, s1) = samples.split_at(LEN);
    b.iter(|| dot_product_1(s0, s1))
}

#[bench]
fn bench_small_2(b: &mut Bencher) {
    let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN);
    let (s0, s1) = samples.split_at(LEN);
    b.iter(|| dot_product_2(s0, s1))
}

bench_small_1   20 ns/iter (+/- 6)
bench_small_2   17 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   19 ns/iter (+/- 3)
bench_small_2   17 ns/iter (+/- 2)

bench_small_1   19 ns/iter (+/- 5)
bench_small_2   17 ns/iter (+/- 3)

bench_small_1   19 ns/iter (+/- 3)
bench_small_2   24 ns/iter (+/- 7)

bench_small_1   28 ns/iter (+/- 1)
bench_small_2   24 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   27 ns/iter (+/- 1)
bench_small_2   25 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   28 ns/iter (+/- 1)
bench_small_2   25 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   28 ns/iter (+/- 1)
bench_small_2   25 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   28 ns/iter (+/- 0)
bench_small_2   25 ns/iter (+/- 1)

bench_small_1   28 ns/iter (+/- 1)
bench_small_2   17 ns/iter (+/- 1)

In 9 of the 10 runs, the idiomatic code was faster than the for loop. This was done on 2.9 GHz Core i9 (I9-8950HK) with 32 GB RAM, compiled with rustc 1.31.0-nightly (fc403ad98 2018-09-30) .

Answer 2

For fun, I rewrote the benchmark to use criterion , a port of the Haskell benchmarking library.

Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "mats-zero-cost-rust"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["mats"]

[dev-dependencies]
criterion = "0.2"
rand = "0.4"

[[bench]]
name = "my_benchmark"
harness = false

benches/my_benchmark.rs

#[macro_use]
extern crate criterion;
extern crate rand;

use std::cmp::min;

use criterion::Criterion;

use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};

const LEN: usize = 30;

fn dot_product_loop(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    let mut result: f64 = 0.0;
    for i in 0..min(x.len(), y.len()) {
        result += x[i] * y[i];
    }
    return result;
}

fn dot_product_iter(x: &[f64], y: &[f64]) -> f64 {
    x.iter().zip(y).map(|(&a, &b)| a * b).sum()
}

fn rand_array(cnt: u32) -> Vec<f64> {
    let mut rng = thread_rng();
    (0..cnt).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect()
}

fn criterion_loop_with_slice(c: &mut Criterion) {
    c.bench_function("loop with slice", |b| {
        let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN as u32);
        b.iter(|| dot_product_loop(&samples[0..LEN], &samples[LEN..2 * LEN]))
    });
}

fn criterion_loop_without_slice(c: &mut Criterion) {
    c.bench_function("loop without slice", |b| {
        let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN as u32);
        let (s0, s1) = samples.split_at(LEN);
        b.iter(|| dot_product_loop(s0, s1))
    });
}

fn criterion_iter_with_slice(c: &mut Criterion) {
    c.bench_function("iterators with slice", |b| {
        let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN as u32);
        b.iter(|| dot_product_iter(&samples[0..LEN], &samples[LEN..2 * LEN]))
    });
}

fn criterion_iter_without_slice(c: &mut Criterion) {
    c.bench_function("iterators without slice", |b| {
        let samples = rand_array(2 * LEN as u32);
        let (s0, s1) = samples.split_at(LEN);
        b.iter(|| dot_product_iter(s0, s1))
    });
}

criterion_group!(benches, criterion_loop_with_slice, criterion_loop_without_slice, criterion_iter_with_slice, criterion_iter_without_slice);
criterion_main!(benches);

I observe these results;

kolmodin@blin:~/code/mats-zero-cost-rust$ cargo bench
   Compiling mats-zero-cost-rust v0.1.0 (/home/kolmodin/code/mats-zero-cost-rust)                                                                                                                                  
    Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 1.16s                                                                                                                                                                
     Running target/release/deps/my_benchmark-6f00e042fd40bc1d
Gnuplot not found, disabling plotting
loop with slice         time:   [7.5794 ns 7.6843 ns 7.8016 ns]                             
Found 14 outliers among 100 measurements (14.00%)
  1 (1.00%) high mild
  13 (13.00%) high severe

loop without slice      time:   [24.384 ns 24.486 ns 24.589 ns]                                
Found 3 outliers among 100 measurements (3.00%)
  2 (2.00%) low severe
  1 (1.00%) low mild

iterators with slice    time:   [13.842 ns 13.852 ns 13.863 ns]                                  
Found 6 outliers among 100 measurements (6.00%)
  1 (1.00%) low mild
  4 (4.00%) high mild
  1 (1.00%) high severe

iterators without slice time:   [13.420 ns 13.424 ns 13.430 ns]                                     
Found 12 outliers among 100 measurements (12.00%)
  1 (1.00%) low mild
  1 (1.00%) high mild
  10 (10.00%) high severe

Gnuplot not found, disabling plotting

Using rustc 1.30.0 (da5f414c2 2018-10-24) on an AMD Ryzen 7 2700X.

The iterator implementation gets similar results for using slice and split_at .

The loop implementation gets very different results. The version with slice is significantly faster.