How do I encode WSGI output in UTF-8?
Question
I want to send an HTML page to the web browser encoded as UTF-8. However the following example fails:
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
def app(environ, start_response):
output = "<html><body><p>Räksmörgås</p></body></html>".encode('utf-8')
start_response('200 OK', [
('Content-Type', 'text/html'),
('Content-Length', str(len(output))),
])
return output
port = 8000
httpd = make_server('', port, app)
print("Serving on", port)
httpd.serve_forever()
Here's the traceback:
Serving on 8000
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/wsgiref/handlers.py", line 75, in run
self.finish_response()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/wsgiref/handlers.py", line 116, in finish_response
self.write(data)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/lib/python3.1/wsgiref/handlers.py", line 202, in write
"write() argument must be a string or bytes"
If I remove the encoding and simply return the python 3 unicode string, the wsgiref server seems to encode in whatever charset the browser specifies in the request header. However I'd like to have this control myself as I doubt I can expect all WSGI servers to do the same. What should I do to return a UTF-8 encoded HTML page?
Thanks!
3 answers
solution1
5 ACCPTED 2010-01-31 22:32:25
You need to return the page as a list:
def app(environ, start_response):
output = "<html><body><p>Räksmörgås</p></body></html>".encode('utf-8')
start_response('200 OK', [
('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'),
('Content-Length', str(len(output)))
])
return [output]
WSGI is designed that way so that you could just yield the HTML (either complete or in parts).
solution2
0 2013-12-19 16:39:10
edit
vim /usr/lib/python2.7/site.py
encoding = "ascii" # Default value set by _PyUnicode_Init()
to
encoding = "utf-8"
reboot system
para forcar o python 2.7 a trabalhar com utf-8 como padrão pois o mod_wsgi busca a codificacao padrao do python que antes era ascii com no maximo 128 caracteres!
solution3
0 2018-01-11 00:20:23
AndiDog answer is correct, but in some enviroment you have to change app into application
def application(environ, start_response):
output = "<html><body><p>Räksmörgås</p></body></html>".encode('utf-8')
start_response('200 OK', [
('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'),
('Content-Length', str(len(output)))
])
return [output]
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